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Anatomy & Physiology: Integumentary and Skeletal System Study Guide

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  • Components of the integumentary system

    Skin (epidermis and dermis), glands (sweat and oil), hairs, nails, and subcutaneous tissue (adipose tissue beneath skin).

  • Difference between cutaneous and subcutaneous

    Cutaneous refers to skin layers (epidermis and dermis). Subcutaneous is below skin (hypodermis), not part of skin but anchors it and provides insulation.

  • General functions of the integumentary system

    Protection (chemical, physical, biological), temperature regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions (vitamin D synthesis), blood reservoir, and excretion.

  • Tissue type composing the epidermis

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

  • Major layers of the epidermis and their functions

    Stratum basale: mitotic keratinocytes.
    Stratum spinosum: melanocytes, tactile and dendritic cells.
    Stratum granulosum: keratin granules, cells dying.
    Stratum lucidum: only in thick skin, dead cells.
    Stratum corneum: dead keratinocytes, outermost layer.

  • Roles of epidermal cells

    Keratinocytes: produce keratin.
    Melanocytes: produce melanin for UV protection.
    Dendritic cells: immune phagocytes.
    Tactile cells: sensory receptors.

  • Difference between thick and thin skin

    Thick skin is on palms, soles, and upper back for protection; contains stratum lucidum.
    Thin skin lacks stratum lucidum and covers most of the body.

  • Tissue types composing the dermis

    Loose connective tissue (papillary layer) and dense irregular connective tissue (reticular layer).

  • Functions of the dermis layers

    Papillary layer: blood diffusion, capillaries, nerve endings, touch receptors.
    Reticular layer: glands, sensory endings, blood vessels, hair follicles.

  • Factors contributing to skin color

    Melanin: pigment made in skin.
    Hemoglobin: pinkish hue from blood.
    Carotene: yellow/orange pigment from diet.

  • Clinical signs of skin color changes

    Erythema: redness.
    Jaundice: yellowing, liver failure.
    Pallor: paleness from low blood flow.
    Cyanosis: blue from low oxygen.
    Hematoma: bruise.
    Hyperpigmentation: brown/black patches.

  • Types of glands in the integumentary system

    Eccrine glands: sweat for temperature regulation.
    Apocrine glands: puberty onset, foul sweat, axillary and anogenital.
    Sebaceous glands: oil secretion, lubrication, acne.

  • Homeostatic functions of the integumentary system

    Thermoregulation via sweat, chemical protection by defensin and low pH, biological protection by dendritic cells, and physical barrier by keratinized cells.

  • Characteristics of the three types of cartilage

    Hyaline: support and flexibility, most abundant.
    Elastic: collagen and elastic fibers, external ear.
    Fibrocartilage: tensile strength, menisci and intervertebral discs.

  • Major functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, anchorage for muscles, mineral storage, blood cell production, fat storage, and hormone production (osteocalcin).

  • Four bone shape classes with examples

    Long: femur, humerus.
    Short: carpals, tarsals.
    Flat: ribs, skull.
    Irregular: vertebrae, pelvis.

  • Locations and functions of red and yellow bone marrow

    Red marrow: blood cell production, found in long and flat bones.
    Yellow marrow: fat storage, can convert back to red marrow.

  • Key structures of an osteon

    Central canal (arteries, veins, nerves), perforating canals, lacunae (osteocyte houses), lamellae (bone layers), and canaliculi (connections).

  • Roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

    Osteoblasts: build bone.
    Osteocytes: maintain bone.
    Osteoclasts: resorb bone.

  • Difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification

    Intramembranous: from fibrous membrane, forms flat bones.
    Endochondral: from hyaline cartilage, forms long bones.

  • Five zones of the epiphyseal plate

    Resting zone, proliferation zone (mitosis), hypertrophic zone (cell enlargement), calcification zone (matrix calcifies), ossification zone (new bone forms).

  • Difference between appositional and interstitial bone growth

    Appositional: thickness growth by osteoblasts under periosteum.
    Interstitial: length growth at epiphyseal plate.

  • Steps of fracture repair

    Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Types of bone fractures

    Nondisplaced vs displaced, complete vs incomplete, compound vs simple, spiral, epiphyseal, depressed, greenstick, comminuted, compression.

  • Role of parathyroid hormone in calcium regulation

    Released when blood calcium is low; stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into blood.

  • Role of calcitonin in calcium regulation

    Produced by thyroid parafollicular cells when calcium is high; lowers blood calcium temporarily by inhibiting osteoclasts.

  • Cell in the bone that handles growth

    Osteoblast

  • Cell in the bone that handles maintenance

    Osteocyte

  • Cell in the bone that handles resorption

    Osteoclast