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Anatomy & Physiology: Integumentary System Review

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  • Five major functions of the integument

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion of wastes.

  • Epidermis characteristics

    The epidermis is avascular and composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells arranged in layers.

  • Order of epidermal layers from deepest to superficial

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.

  • Stratum basale features

    Attached to the basement membrane; contains basal cells that divide to form new keratinocytes; epidermal ridges increase surface area for attachment.

  • Location of stratum lucidum

    Found only in thick skin areas like the palms and soles.

  • Function of keratin in stratum corneum

    Keratin provides a tough, waterproof barrier protecting underlying tissues.

  • Factors influencing skin color

    Skin color is influenced by melanin, carotene, and dermal blood circulation.

  • Source of melanin

    Produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis.

  • Connection between skin, sunlight, and vitamin D3

    UV radiation converts a cholesterol derivative in skin to vitamin D3, essential for calcium absorption.

  • How UV radiation damages skin

    UV radiation causes DNA damage in skin cells, increasing risk of mutations and skin cancer.

  • Three types of skin cancer and origin

    Basal cell carcinoma (stratum basale), squamous cell carcinoma (stratum spinosum), and malignant melanoma (melanocytes).

  • ABCDEs of skin cancer

    Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving shape or size.

  • Structure of the dermis

    Composed of two layers: the superficial papillary layer and the deeper reticular layer.

  • Relationship between hair and epidermis

    Hair follicles extend from the epidermis into the dermis; hair growth originates in the follicle.

  • Functions of hair

    Protection, sensory input, heat retention, and visual identification.

  • Factors contributing to hair color

    Amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes in hair follicles.

  • Functions of sebaceous glands

    Secrete sebum to lubricate and waterproof skin and hair.

  • Difference between apocrine and merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

    Apocrine glands are found in armpits and groin, produce thicker sweat; merocrine glands are widespread and produce watery sweat for cooling.

  • What causes sweat odor

    Bacterial breakdown of sweat from apocrine glands produces body odor.

  • Composition of the hypodermis

    Made of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, providing insulation and cushioning.

  • Subcutaneous injection

    Injection administered into the hypodermis layer beneath the skin.

  • Four steps of skin repair

    Inflammation, migration of cells, proliferation of new cells, and scarring/remodeling.

  • Distinguishing burn degrees

    1st degree: epidermis only; 2nd degree: epidermis and part of dermis; 3rd degree: full thickness, destroys epidermis and dermis.

  • Nine effects of aging on the skin

    Thinning epidermis, decreased melanocytes, reduced vitamin D production, decreased gland activity, reduced elasticity, slower repair, decreased immune response, reduced blood supply, and hair thinning.