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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints and Movements

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What are the two main classification schemes for joints?
    Structural classification (fibrous, cartilaginous, bony, synovial) and functional classification (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis).
  • Define synarthrosis and give examples.
    An immovable joint that is very strong; examples include sutures, gomphosis, synchondrosis, and synostosis.
  • What is a gomphosis joint?
    A fibrous joint that binds teeth to bony sockets using the periodontal ligament.
  • Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
    A freely movable joint with a joint capsule containing synovial membrane and fluid, articular cartilage covering bone surfaces, and accessory structures like ligaments and bursae.
  • What are the primary functions of synovial fluid?
    Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption within the joint cavity.
  • Name three accessory structures that stabilize synovial joints.
    Cartilages (menisci), ligaments, and tendons.
  • What is the difference between a meniscus and a fat pad in synovial joints?
    Meniscus is fibrocartilage between bones; fat pads are adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane that protect articular cartilages.
  • Define monaxial, biaxial, and triaxial joints with examples.
    Monaxial joints move in one plane (elbow), biaxial in two planes (wrist), triaxial in three planes (shoulder).
  • What is gliding movement in synovial joints?
    When two flat surfaces slide past each other, such as between carpal bones.
  • Explain flexion and extension movements.
    Flexion decreases the angle between bones; extension increases the angle, both occurring in the anterior-posterior plane.
  • What is circumduction?
    A circular movement of a limb or finger without rotation, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
  • Describe medial and lateral rotation.
    Medial rotation turns a limb toward the body's long axis; lateral rotation turns it away.
  • What are pronation and supination of the forearm?
    Pronation rotates the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly; supination turns the palm anteriorly.
  • Define inversion and eversion of the foot.
    Inversion twists the sole medially; eversion twists the sole laterally.
  • What special movements involve the thumb?
    Opposition (thumb moves toward fingers) and reposition (thumb returns to anatomical position).
  • Name the six types of synovial joints.
    Plane, hinge, condylar, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • What is the function of the intervertebral disc?
    Separates vertebral bodies, absorbs shocks, and allows flexibility; composed of anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.
  • What causes a herniated disc?
    Nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus, compressing spinal nerves.
  • List the major ligaments stabilizing the knee joint.
    Patellar ligament, popliteal ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament.
  • What is the greatest range of motion joint in the body?
    The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint), a ball-and-socket diarthrosis.
  • Name the four muscles of the rotator cuff.
    Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
  • What is the acetabular labrum in the hip joint?
    A rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the socket and seals in synovial fluid.
  • List the ligaments of the hip joint.
    Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, transverse acetabular, and ligament of the femoral head.
  • What are common age-related joint problems?
    Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, and joint stiffness from immobilization.
  • How does continuous passive motion (CPM) help joints?
    It reduces symptoms of arthritis by maintaining synovial fluid flow and joint mobility.
  • What factors affect bone remodeling?
    Age, physical stresses, hormone levels, mineral uptake, and genetic or environmental factors.
  • How do other body systems interact with the skeletal system?
    Muscles attach to bones; endocrine system controls bone growth; digestive and urinary systems supply minerals; skeleton stores minerals.