Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

Molecule with unequal sharing of electrons in covalent bonds, resulting in partial charges.

Proteins that promote chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Metabolic processes that build up molecules.

Metabolic processes that break down molecules.

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism levels, each more complex than the last.

Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals.

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.

Provides physical protection, absorption, and secretion; covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

Secrete substances onto external surfaces or into ducts.

Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid.

Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall and slender).

Multiple layers of cells providing protection; found on skin surface and lining mouth, throat, and vagina.

Protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) and ground substance (liquid).

Hyaline (stiff support), Elastic (flexible), Fibrocartilage (resists compression).

Dense outer layer of bone that bears weight.

Internal bone layer with a fine network structure.

Cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis), accessory structures (hair, nails, glands), and subcutaneous layer.

Outer skin layer made of stratified squamous epithelium; lacks blood vessels.

Outermost epidermal layer with 15–30 layers of keratinized cells; water resistant.

Feedback that amplifies a response and does not restore homeostasis, e.g., blood clotting.

Body standing upright, hands at sides, palms facing forward, feet together facing forward.

Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Divides body into right and left halves.

Divides body into upper and lower parts.

You get fewer electrons then protons, more positive charge, cation

More electrons then protons, more negative, anion

wide surface for communication

 study of tissues

 Protein fibers and Ground substance (liquid)

Can contract forcefully, support, maintenance, stabilization

Moves or stabilizes position of skeleton or internal organs

Propels blood through blood vessels

Found in blood vessel walls, within glands, along respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

Transmit information in form of electrical impulses

support neurons

Attach deepest epithelial cells to basement membrane

Gives strength and restricts diffusion

lining ventral body cavities

lining heart and blood vessels

– Superficial layers packed with keratin

– Tough and water resistant

– Resists both mechanical stress and dehydration

– Found on surface of skin and in hair and nails

– Resists abrasion but can dry out

– Found lining oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina

Does secretion and absorption

Lines exocrine glands and ducts, Lines parts of kidney tubules and thyroid gland

Found in ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

stratified epithelium that can stretch and recoil without damage

 Cells of varying shapes and functions and Lines nasal cavities, trachea, larger airways in lungs, portions of male

reproductive tract

cell releases cytoplasm as well as secretory product

Destroys gland cells. Entire cell bursts, releasing secretions and killing cells. Destroyed cells replaced by stem cell division

(fibers create loose, open framework)

Packing material of the body

deep to skin in various areas of body, forms padding around eyes and kidneys

Provides support and resists distortion, Found in liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

(fibers densely packed)

Found in cords (tendons, ligaments) or sheets, Collagen arranged in parallel bundles

Fibers arranged in meshwork (no consistent pattern) to resist

tension in many directions, covering visceral organs; in superficial layers of bones, cartilages, and peripheral nerves; in dermis of skin

 Is springy and resilient, Found between vertebrae, in walls of large blood vessels, erectile tissues of penis, ligaments supporting transitional epithelia

Fibers, ground substance, Maintenance, repair, and energy storage

 synthesize extracellular fibers

 store lipid reserves

differentiate from fibroblasts and maintain extracellular fibers

Function: Provides stiff but flexible support and Reduces friction between bony surfaces

Location: between ribs and sternum, covering bones in mobile joints,

part of nasal septum, supporting respiratory passageways

Function: Distorts without damage and returns to original shape

Location: Found in external ear and smaller internal structures

Function: Resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits

relative movement

Location: Found in knee joint, between pubic bones, and in intervertebral discs

Outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Function: Mechanical support, protection, attachment

Inner cellular layer

Function: Where cartilage growth and maintenance occur

Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium) 

Dermis (Reticular layer:  meshwork)

Accessory structures 

Hairs

Nails

Exocrine glands

Cutaneous plexus (network of blood vessels)

Not apart of system

Separates skin from deeper structures

Protect from abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical attack

Excrete salts and water

Body temp 

Keratin 

Detect stimuli 

Store lipids

stem cells that divide to replace more superficial keratinocytes

8–10 layers of keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes

3–5 layers of keratinocytes. Stopped dividing and started producing keratin. 

Found only in thick skin. Flattened, densely

packed dead cells filled with keratin

Stratum corneum~ Outermost, protective region with 15–30 layers of keratinized cells (filled with keratin). Water resistant 

-Insensible perspiration (Unaware)

-sensible perspiration (aware of sweat)

 Most common form of skin cancer. Mutations caused by overexposure 

 Extremely dangerous. Grow rapidly 

Detect texture and steady pressure

Detect deep pressure and vibration

Sensitive to pressure and stretching of skin

 Sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion