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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • Define anatomy and physiology and their relationship

    Anatomy is the study of body structure and physical relationships between parts. Physiology is the study of body function and how organisms perform vital functions. Both are interdependent; structure supports function.

  • Levels of human structural organization from simplest to most complex

    Chemical (atoms/molecules) > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organism (whole body).

  • Four main tissue types in the human body

    Epithelial: covers surfaces and forms glands.
    Connective: supports, fills spaces, stores energy.
    Muscle: contracts for movement.
    Nervous: transmits electrical impulses.

  • Eleven body systems and their primary functions

    Integumentary (protection), Skeletal (support), Muscular (movement), Nervous (control), Endocrine (hormones), Cardiovascular (transport), Lymphatic (defense), Respiratory (gas exchange), Digestive (nutrient processing), Urinary (waste elimination), Reproductive (sex cells and hormones).

  • Define homeostasis and its importance

    Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment. It is central to physiology because imbalance leads to illness or death.

  • Components of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism

    Receptor: senses change.
    Control center: processes info and sends commands.
    Effector: responds to restore balance.

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain homeostasis (e.g., sweating). Positive feedback amplifies a response, often to complete a process (e.g., labor contractions).

  • Anatomical position and directional terms

    Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward.
    Directional terms: Superior (above), Inferior (below), Anterior (front), Posterior (back), Medial (toward midline), Lateral (away from midline), Proximal (near attachment), Distal (far from attachment).

  • Major body planes

    Frontal plane: divides front and back.
    Sagittal plane: divides left and right.
    Transverse plane: divides top and bottom.
    Oblique plane: diagonal cut.

  • Four elements that make up most living things

    Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

  • Properties of water essential to life

    Water is a universal solvent with cohesion, adhesion, and high heat of vaporization due to hydrogen bonding.

  • Difference between ionic and covalent bonds

    Ionic bonds: transfer electrons between atoms.
    Covalent bonds: share electrons between atoms.

  • What is a hydrogen bond?

    A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge, influencing molecule shape and interactions.

  • Difference between polar and nonpolar molecules

    Polar molecules: unequal sharing of electrons, have partial charges.
    Nonpolar molecules: equal sharing, no charge.

  • Four major macromolecules and their functions

    Carbohydrates: quick energy.
    Lipids: long-term energy, membranes.
    Proteins: enzymes, structure, transport.
    Nucleic acids: store genetic info.

  • How are macromolecules formed and broken down?

    Formed by dehydration synthesis (removing water). Broken down by hydrolysis (adding water).

  • Four levels of protein structure

    Primary: amino acid sequence.
    Secondary: folding (alpha helices, beta sheets).
    Tertiary: 3D shape.
    Quaternary: multiple chains combined.

  • Functions of enzymes

    Enzymes lower activation energy to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic

    Hydrophobic: water-fearing, do not mix with water (e.g., fats).
    Hydrophilic: water-loving, dissolve in water (e.g., glucose).

  • Cell theory main points

    Cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells carry out all vital functions.

  • Major components of the cell membrane

    Phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins, controls entry and exit of substances.

  • Functions of microvilli, cilia, and flagella

    Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption.
    Cilia: move fluid or mucus across surfaces.
    Flagella: propel the cell (e.g., sperm).

  • Difference between passive and active transport

    Passive transport: no energy, moves substances down concentration gradient.
    Active transport: requires ATP, moves substances against gradient.

  • Define diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

    Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    Facilitated diffusion: diffusion via carrier proteins.
    Osmosis: diffusion of water across a membrane.

  • Stages of mitosis and key events

    Prophase: nuclear envelope dissolves.
    Metaphase: chromosomes align.
    Anaphase: chromatids separate.
    Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms.
    Cytokinesis: cell divides.

  • Difference between mitosis and meiosis

    Mitosis: somatic cells, 2 identical daughter cells with 46 chromosomes.
    Meiosis: sex cells, 4 cells with 23 chromosomes, increases genetic variation.

  • What is cancer and difference between benign and malignant tumors

    Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth.
    Benign: slow-growing, non-cancerous.
    Malignant: fast-growing, invasive, can metastasize.

  • Basic process of protein synthesis

    Transcription: DNA to mRNA in nucleus.
    Translation: mRNA to protein at ribosome using tRNA.