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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts from Course Syllabus

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • Blood Composition
    Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, each with specific functions in transport, immunity, and clotting.
  • Hemostasis
    Hemostasis is the process that stops bleeding through vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
  • Heart Anatomy
    The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles, with valves ensuring one-way blood flow.
  • Electrocardiogram (EKG)
    An EKG records the electrical activity of the heart to assess heart rhythm and function.
  • Cardiac Cycle
    The cardiac cycle includes systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases that pump blood through the heart.
  • Blood Vessels Types
    Blood vessels include arteries (carry blood away from the heart), veins (carry blood to the heart), and capillaries (site of exchange).
  • Blood Pressure and Capillary Exchange
    Blood pressure drives fluid exchange in capillaries, allowing nutrients and wastes to move between blood and tissues.
  • Lymphatic System
    The lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to blood and plays a role in immune defense.
  • Non-Specific Immune System
    Non-specific immunity includes barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation that protect against a broad range of pathogens.
  • Specific Immune System
    Specific immunity involves lymphocytes that target specific antigens for a tailored immune response.
  • Respiration Ventilation
    Ventilation is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange.
  • Gas Exchange in Respiration
    Gas exchange occurs in alveoli where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
  • Respiration Regulation
    Respiration is regulated by the brainstem to maintain proper blood gas levels and pH.
  • Upper Digestion
    Upper digestion includes the mouth, esophagus, and stomach where food is ingested and mechanically and chemically broken down.
  • Lower Digestion
    Lower digestion involves the small and large intestines where nutrient absorption and waste formation occur.
  • Metabolism
    Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body that produce energy and build molecules.
  • Excretory System
    The excretory system removes metabolic wastes and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.
  • Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
    This balance regulates the volume and composition of body fluids essential for cellular function.
  • Acid-Base Balance
    Acid-base balance maintains blood pH within a narrow range to support enzymatic and cellular activities.
  • Male and Female Reproductive Systems
    These systems produce gametes and hormones necessary for reproduction and support embryonic development.
  • Fertilization and Embryology
    Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg, initiating embryonic development.