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Anatomy & Physiology: Key Concepts on Organization, Tissues, Skin, and Axial Skeleton

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • Major levels of organization in organisms

    From simplest to most complex: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

  • Major components of the circulatory system

    Heart, blood vessels, and blood; responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes.

  • Anatomical terms for body regions

    Examples include cephalic (head), thoracic (chest), abdominal, pelvic, brachial (arm), and crural (leg).

  • Body sections used in anatomy

    Frontal (coronal), sagittal, and transverse (horizontal) planes divide the body for study.

  • Relative anatomical positions

    Terms like anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, and proximal/distal describe locations.

  • Major body cavities of the trunk

    Thoracic cavity (contains lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (contains digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs).

  • Function of the thoracic cavity

    Protects and houses the lungs and heart; supports respiration and circulation.

  • Four major tissue types in the body

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

  • Functions of epithelial tissue

    Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, and sensory reception.

  • Relationship between epithelial structure and function

    Cell shape and layering (simple, stratified) relate to roles like absorption or protection.

  • Three main categories of connective tissue

    Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone), and fluid connective tissue (blood).

  • Functions of connective tissue

    Support, protection, binding organs, storing energy, and immune responses.

  • How cartilage and bone function as supporting connective tissues

    Cartilage provides flexible support; bone provides rigid support and protection.

  • Four types of tissue membranes

    Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes, each with specific protective and functional roles.

  • Three types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal (voluntary movement), cardiac (heart contraction), and smooth (involuntary organ control).

  • Basic structure and role of nervous tissue

    Composed of neurons and neuroglia; responsible for transmitting electrical signals and processing information.

  • Main structural features of the epidermis

    Layers include stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum; provides protection and waterproofing.

  • Functions of the dermis

    Supports epidermis, contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands; provides strength and elasticity.

  • Role of the subcutaneous layer

    Also called hypodermis; stores fat, insulates, and cushions the body.

  • Factors affecting skin color

    Melanin production, blood flow, and carotene; melanocytes increase melanin in response to sunlight.

  • Structural basis for hair texture and color

    Hair texture depends on shape of hair shaft; color depends on type and amount of melanin.

  • Types of skin glands and their secretions

    Sweat glands (sweat), sebaceous glands (sebum), and ceruminous glands (earwax).

  • Skin response to injury and repair

    Inflammation, clot formation, tissue regeneration, and scar formation.

  • General functions of axial skeleton bones

    Support and protect the brain, spinal cord, and organs of the thorax; provide attachment points for muscles.

  • Significance of foramina and fissures in skull bones

    Allow passage of nerves and blood vessels; important for cranial nerve function and circulation.

  • Functions of the orbital complex, nasal complex, and paranasal sinuses

    Protect eyes, support nasal structures, and lighten the skull while enhancing voice resonance.

  • Key differences among infant, child, and adult skulls

    Infants have fontanelles and more flexible sutures; adults have fused sutures and fully developed bones.

  • Curves of the spinal column and their functions

    Cervical and lumbar curves are convex anteriorly; thoracic and sacral curves are concave anteriorly; they provide balance and absorb shock.

  • Five vertebral regions and their characteristics

    Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal; each has unique size, shape, and function.

  • Significance of joints between thoracic vertebrae and ribs, and ribs and sternum

    Allow chest expansion for breathing while providing stability and protection.