Skip to main content
뒤로

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture 1 Review: Special Senses, Endocrine System, Blood, and Heart

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/42

이 집합의 용어 (42)

  • What substances coat the olfactory glands?
    The olfactory glands are coated with mucus which helps dissolve odorants for detection.
  • Why is the optic disc a blind spot?
    The optic disc lacks photoreceptors, so it cannot detect light, creating a blind spot.
  • What are photoreceptors?
    Photoreceptors are specialized cells in the retina that detect light and convert it into neural signals.
  • What happens when all three cone populations are stimulated equally?
    Equal stimulation of all three cones results in the perception of white light.
  • Where does the external acoustic meatus end?
    The external acoustic meatus ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
  • What is the anatomical sequence of the ear from pinna to cochlea?
    Pinna → External acoustic meatus → Tympanic membrane → Middle ear ossicles → Oval window → Cochlea.
  • What happens when a person experiences a loud noise?
    Loud noise causes the stapedius muscle to contract, reducing ossicle movement to protect the inner ear.
  • What part of the ear is responsible for equilibrium?
    The vestibular apparatus, including semicircular canals and otolith organs, controls equilibrium.
  • Where are the sensory receptors of the semicircular canals located?
    Sensory receptors are located in the crista ampullaris within the semicircular canals.
  • What causes photoreceptor cells to focus?
    The ciliary muscles change lens shape to focus light on photoreceptors.
  • What are the taste sensations?
    The five basic taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
  • Which cranial nerve innervates the taste buds?
    The facial nerve (VII) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) innervate taste buds.
  • Where are taste bud receptors located on the tongue?
    Taste receptors are located on the papillae of the tongue.
  • How is an odorant detected?
    Odorants dissolve in mucus and bind to receptors on olfactory sensory neurons.
  • Where is the synapse of the olfactory nerve neurons found?
    Synapses occur in the olfactory bulb after passing through the cribriform plate.
  • What is the function of the lacrimal gland?
    The lacrimal gland produces tears to lubricate and protect the eye.
  • What structure changes the shape of the lens?
    The ciliary body changes lens shape for focusing.
  • What is a sty?
    A sty is an infection of an eyelash follicle or sebaceous gland on the eyelid.
  • What is an otolith?
    Otoliths are calcium carbonate crystals in the utricle and saccule that detect gravity and linear acceleration.
  • What do the middle ear ossicles connect?
    The ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear.
  • What structure is attached to the oval window?
    The stapes footplate is attached to the oval window.
  • How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?
    The middle ear connects to the nasopharynx via the auditory (Eustachian) tube.
  • What is the hormone that affects the thyroid gland?
    Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid gland activity.
  • What are signs of hypothyroidism?
    Signs include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and slowed metabolism.
  • What pituitary hormone promotes ovarian progesterone and testicular secretion?
    Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates progesterone and testosterone secretion.
  • What hormone do C cells secrete?
    C cells secrete calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels.
  • What hormone regulates urinary output?
    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls water reabsorption in kidneys.
  • What are the functions of parathyroid hormone?
    Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
  • What is the function of growth hormone?
    Growth hormone stimulates cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolism.
  • What cells are affected by oxytocin?
    Oxytocin targets uterine smooth muscle and mammary gland cells.
  • What are the functions of red blood cells?
    RBCs transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to lungs.
  • What is the pH of blood?
    Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.
  • Which organ produces most plasma proteins?
    The liver produces most plasma proteins like albumin and fibrinogen.
  • Which WBC releases histamine at injury sites?
    Basophils release histamine to promote inflammation.
  • What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
    The average lifespan of an RBC is about 120 days.
  • What are the formed elements in blood?
    Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • Which vessel carries blood returning from the pulmonary circuit?
    Blood returns via the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
  • What valve does blood pass through leaving the right ventricle?
    Blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve.
  • What is the function of intercalated discs?
    Intercalated discs allow electrical and mechanical connection between cardiac muscle cells.
  • Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?
    The pacemaker is the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium.
  • What does the P wave represent on an EKG?
    The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
  • Trace the conduction system of the heart.
    SA node → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.