뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Midterm 1 Key Concepts
이 집합의 용어 (31)
From smallest to largest: molecular → cellular → tissue → organ → system → organism.
Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions such as temperature and pH within the body.
Negative feedback reverses deviations from a set point via receptor → control center → effector to restore balance.
Positive feedback amplifies deviations, increasing the original stimulus.
Includes anterior (front) and posterior (back) orientations in the body.
Peritoneum covers abdominal organs, pericardium surrounds the heart, and pleura encloses the lungs.
Membrane proteins function in anchoring, receptors, and recognition.
Contains high potassium, low protein, and some glycogen.
Red blood cells have no nucleus, so they cannot synthesize proteins and have a limited lifespan.
Diffusion is passive and influenced by membrane channels and ion charge.
Osmosis moves water from high to low concentration; hypotonic causes cells to swell, hypertonic causes cells to shrink.
Uses carrier proteins, requires no ATP, and has a limited rate.
Requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Includes endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis.
Has apical and basal surfaces, is avascular, and can regenerate.
Gap junctions allow molecule exchange, tight junctions prevent passage, and desmosomes provide mechanical support.
Microvilli increase absorption; cilia enable movement.
Simple squamous: alveoli and blood vessels; simple columnar: intestine; transitional: urinary bladder.
Merocrine: exocytosis (watery sweat), apocrine: cell apex pinches off, holocrine: whole cell bursts.
Includes collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue (blood), and supporting connective tissue.
From lumen outward: digestive epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.
Responsible for peristalsis, the movement of food through the digestive tract.
Double sheets of peritoneum that support organs and carry vessels and nerves.
Parietal cells secrete HCl, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, G cells secrete gastrin.
Cephalic: prepares stomach, gastric: secretes juice and mixes food, intestinal: empties stomach and reduces secretions.
Duodenal ampulla releases bile and pancreatic juice; secretin stimulates bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice; GIP triggers insulin release.
Secretes trypsinogen (proenzyme) and amylase (digests starch).
Cystic and hepatic ducts join to form the common bile duct.
Absorbs water, compacts feces; haustra are pouches in the colon.
Parotid (mostly serous) and submandibular glands produce salivary amylase.