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Anatomy & Physiology Midterm 1 Study Guide

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • Difference between anatomy and physiology
    Anatomy studies body structure; physiology studies body function. Structure constrains or supports function by determining what a body part can do.
  • Levels of biological organization from chemical to organismal
    Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism. Emergent properties arise as complexity increases.
  • Define homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium
    Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment. Dynamic equilibrium means conditions fluctuate within a range.
  • Components of a homeostatic feedback loop
    Stimulus, sensor/receptor, control center, afferent signal, efferent signal, effector, and response.
  • Negative vs positive feedback
    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain stability; positive feedback amplifies a change, e.g., childbirth or blood clotting.
  • Role of protons, neutrons, and electrons
    Protons define element identity; neutrons add mass; electrons determine chemical bonding and reactivity.
  • Difference between ionic and covalent bonds
    Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons between atoms.
  • Solution vs suspension vs colloid
    Solution: solute dissolved in solvent; suspension: particles settle out; colloid: particles remain dispersed but not dissolved.
  • Anabolic vs catabolic reactions
    Anabolic builds molecules (requires energy); catabolic breaks down molecules (releases energy).
  • Polarity and water solubility
    Polar molecules are hydrophilic and dissolve in water; nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic and do not dissolve well.
  • Why phospholipids form cell membranes
    Phospholipids are amphipathic with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming bilayers that create selective barriers.
  • Building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
    Carbs: monosaccharides, energy; Lipids: fatty acids, energy storage & membranes; Proteins: amino acids, structure & enzymes; Nucleic acids: nucleotides, genetic info.
  • Dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis
    Dehydration synthesis builds larger molecules by removing water; hydrolysis breaks molecules by adding water.
  • How protein shape relates to function
    Protein shape determines function; denaturation or mutations can alter shape and impair function.
  • Enzyme effect on reaction rates
    Enzymes lower activation energy, speeding reactions. Blocking active sites or heat can inhibit enzyme function.
  • Differences between DNA, RNA, and ATP
    DNA stores genetic info; RNA transfers info for protein synthesis; ATP provides cellular energy.
  • Four primary functions of cell membranes
    Physical barrier, selective permeability, communication, and structural support.
  • Phospholipid structure and bilayer formation
    Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, causing self-assembly into bilayers in water.
  • Difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins
    Integral proteins span the membrane; peripheral proteins attach to membrane surfaces.
  • Six major functional roles of membrane proteins
    Transport, receptors, enzymes, cell identity markers, cell adhesion, and anchoring cytoskeleton.
  • Pathway of a secreted protein through the endomembrane system
    Ribosome → Rough ER → Transport vesicle → Golgi complex → Secretory vesicle → Exocytosis.
  • Differences between Rough ER and Smooth ER
    Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
  • Three forms of endocytosis
    Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), receptor-mediated endocytosis (selective uptake).
  • Role of lysosomes in cellular digestion
    Lysosomes contain enzymes that degrade materials from phagocytic vesicles.
  • Unique characteristics of mitochondria
    Double membrane, own DNA, and produce ATP. High concentration in energy-demanding tissues.
  • Structure of the nucleus
    Nuclear envelope with pores, chromatin (DNA + proteins), and nucleolus (rRNA synthesis).
  • Difference between transcription and translation
    Transcription copies DNA to mRNA in nucleus; translation reads mRNA to build proteins in cytoplasm.
  • Phases of the cell cycle and key events in Interphase
    G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation), M (mitosis). Interphase is cell growth and DNA synthesis.
  • Function of the Sodium-Potassium Pump
    Uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in, maintaining electrochemical gradients essential for nerve and muscle function.