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Anatomy & Physiology Module 2 Exam

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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • 3 Major components of a cell

    The cell consists of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, each with distinct roles in cell function.

  • Functions of the cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, and flagella

    Cytoskeleton provides structure;

    microvilli increase surface area;

    cilia move substances across the cell surface;

    flagella enable cell movement.

  • Structure and function of the cell membrane

    The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls

    selective permeability and cell communication.

  • Selective permeability of the cell membrane

    Allows certain molecules to pass while restricting others, maintaining internal environment stability.

  • Types of gradients influencing flow between regions
    Includes concentration, osmotic, pressure, and electrical gradients that drive movement of substances.
  • Resting membrane potential

    The voltage difference across the membrane at rest, typically negative inside the cell due to ion distribution. 70

  • Fick's Law of diffusion
    Describes diffusion rate as proportional to surface area and concentration gradient, inversely proportional to membrane thickness.
  • Types of membrane transport
    Includes passive (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active (primary and secondary active transport) mechanisms.
  • Solution tonicity definitions
    Hypertonic: higher solute outside; isotonic: equal solute; hypotonic: lower solute outside, affecting cell volume.
  • Types of ion channels in membranes
    Leak channels are always open; gated channels open in response to stimuli: ligand, voltage, or mechanical.
  • Basic process of protein synthesis

    DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated by ribosomes into proteins.

  • Vesicle transport modes
    Exocytosis: export substances; endocytosis: import substances; phagocytosis: engulf large particles.
  • Definition of daughter and parent cells
    A parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells with identical genetic material.
  • Cytokinesis
    The process of cytoplasm division that completes cell division after mitosis.
  • Stages of mitosis
    Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, leading to chromosome separation.
  • Difference between mitosis and meiosis
    Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid cells.
  • Definition of a gene
    A gene is the unit of heredity, a DNA segment coding for a protein or functional RNA.

  • Mitosis

    Mitosis: Nuclear division, occurring through prophase → metaphase → anaphase → telophase.

  • Cytokinesis

    Cytoplasm divides, producing two daughter cells.

  • Role of ATP in the cell
    ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing energy when its phosphate bonds are broken.
  • Glucose metabolism pathways
    Includes glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, glycogenesis, and gluconeogenesis.
  • Difference between aerobic and anaerobic glucose metabolism

    Aerobic uses oxygen and produces more ATP; anaerobic does not use oxygen and produces less ATP.

  • Characteristics of epithelial tissue
    Cells are tightly packed, with various shapes and junctions, serving protective, absorptive, and secretory functions.
  • Characteristics of connective tissue
    Contains cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix; supports, connects, and protects tissues and organs.
  • Types of connective tissue
    Includes loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood, each with distinct structure and function.
  • Cell-to-cell communication types
    Includes paracrine, autocrine, juxtacrine, contact-dependent signaling, and gap junctions for direct communication.

  • Interphase

    G1, S, G2

  • Phases of the cell cycle

    Includes G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (preparation), and M (mitosis) phases.

  • G1

    • Cell grows and produces proteins and organelles.

  • S

    DNA is replicated.

  • G2

    G₂ phase (Gap 2): Further growth occurs, and the cell prepares for division.