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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles & Muscle Tissue Study Guide

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  • Three types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated, long fibers, attached to bones.
    Cardiac: involuntary, striated, branched fibers, heart.
    Smooth: involuntary, non-striated, spindle-shaped, walls of organs.

  • Four major functions of muscles

    Movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, heat generation.

  • Four physiological characteristics of muscle tissue

    Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.

  • Three connective tissue coverings of skeletal muscle

    Epimysium: surrounds entire muscle.
    Perimysium: surrounds fascicles.
    Endomysium: surrounds individual muscle fibers.

  • Origin and insertion of a skeletal muscle

    Origin: fixed attachment point.
    Insertion: movable attachment point.

  • Direct vs indirect muscle attachment

    Direct: epimysium fused to periosteum.
    Indirect: connective tissue extends as tendon or aponeurosis.

  • Definitions: sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcomere

    Sarcolemma: muscle fiber plasma membrane.
    Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle fiber.
    Sarcoplasmic reticulum: stores calcium.
    Sarcomere: contractile unit of muscle.

  • Definitions: A-bands, I-bands, elastic filaments, Z-disc, T-tubules

    A-bands: dark bands with thick filaments.
    I-bands: light bands with thin filaments.
    Elastic filaments (titin): maintain filament alignment.
    Z-disc: boundary of sarcomere.
    T-tubules: invaginations of sarcolemma for signal conduction.

  • Major components of thin and thick filaments

    Thin filaments: actin, tropomyosin, troponin.
    Thick filaments: myosin.

  • Functions of actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin complex

    Actin: binding site for myosin.
    Myosin: motor protein for contraction.
    Tropomyosin: blocks actin sites.
    Troponin: binds calcium to move tropomyosin.

  • Subunits of troponin complex and their functions

    Troponin T: binds tropomyosin.
    Troponin I: inhibits actin-myosin interaction.
    Troponin C: binds calcium.

  • General mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction

    Nervous stimulation → neurotransmitter release → sarcolemma depolarization → calcium release → cross-bridge cycling → contraction.

  • Energy-requiring event during muscle contraction

    Myosin head detachment from actin requires ATP hydrolysis.

  • Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization

    Resting potential: stable negative voltage.
    Depolarization: membrane becomes positive.
    Repolarization: membrane returns to negative.

  • Definition of neurotransmitter and skeletal muscle neurotransmitter

    Neurotransmitter: chemical messenger.
    Skeletal muscle neurotransmitter: acetylcholine.
    Delivered by motor neurons.

  • Result of neurotransmitter binding on skeletal muscle

    Opening of ion channels causing depolarization and muscle excitation.

  • Three major ions in skeletal muscle contraction

    Calcium (Ca²⁺): triggers contraction.
    Sodium (Na⁺): causes depolarization.
    Potassium (K⁺): restores resting potential.

  • Events to return muscle cell to resting state after contraction

    Calcium reuptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum, closure of ion channels, repolarization.

  • Definitions: muscle twitch, tetanus, isotonic and isometric contractions

    Muscle twitch: single contraction.
    Tetanus: sustained contraction.
    Isotonic: muscle changes length.
    Isometric: muscle length constant.

  • Energy production: substrate-level phosphorylation, aerobic and anaerobic respiration

    All use glucose.
    Substrate-level: quick ATP, low yield.
    Aerobic: uses oxygen, high ATP yield.
    Anaerobic: no oxygen, low ATP, produces lactic acid.

  • Structural differences between smooth and skeletal muscle

    Smooth: no striations, spindle-shaped, no connective tissue coverings.
    Skeletal: striated, cylindrical, connective tissue layers.

  • Calcium binding difference in smooth vs skeletal muscle

    Skeletal: calcium binds troponin.
    Smooth: calcium binds calmodulin to activate contraction.

  • Neurotransmitter use in smooth vs skeletal muscle

    Smooth muscle uses various neurotransmitters; skeletal muscle uses acetylcholine only.

  • Three major lever types in the muscular system

    First-class, second-class, third-class levers.
    Most skeletal muscles use third-class levers.

  • Muscle fascicle arrangements

    Parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, pennate.

  • Definitions: agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator

    Agonist: prime mover.
    Antagonist: opposes agonist.
    Synergist: assists agonist.
    Fixator: stabilizes origin.