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Anatomy & Physiology: Orientation to the Human Body

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What is the definition of anatomy?
    Anatomy is the study of structure. The word comes from Greek meaning 'to cut apart'.
  • What is the definition of physiology?
    Physiology is the study of function, often based on organ systems like renal or cardiovascular physiology.
  • What does the Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function state?
    Function always reflects structure, meaning the way something works depends on its form.
  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body.
    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organismal levels.
  • Name the four basic tissue types.
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What are the major components of the integumentary system?
    Skin, sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, hair, and nails.
  • What are the major functions of the integumentary system?
    Protection, temperature regulation, waste elimination, and sensation.
  • What are the major components of the skeletal system?
    Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints.
  • What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
    Support, protection, leverage, hematopoiesis, mineral and energy storage.
  • What are the major components of the muscular system?
    Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
  • What are the major functions of the muscular system?
    Movement and heat production (thermogenesis).
  • What are the major components of the nervous system?
    Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
  • What are the major functions of the nervous system?
    Communication and homeostasis.
  • What are the three components of homeostatic control?
    Receptor, control center, and effector.
  • What is the difference between negative and positive feedback in homeostasis?
    Negative feedback decreases a function to stabilize the system; positive feedback increases a function until the stimulus is removed.
  • Give an example of a positive feedback loop.
    Childbirth contractions and blood clotting are positive feedback loops.
  • What is the anatomical position?
    Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
  • What are the two major divisions of the body?
    Axial (head, neck, trunk) and appendicular (limbs).
  • Name the two major regions of the upper limb.
    Arm and forearm.
  • Name the two major regions of the lower limb.
    Thigh and leg.
  • What are the major body planes?
    Sagittal (divides left and right), frontal (divides front and back), and transverse (divides top and bottom).
  • What are the major body cavities?
    Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).
  • What is the mediastinum?
    Central compartment of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major vessels.
  • What is a serous membrane?
    A double-layered membrane covering organs and lining body cavities, with parietal and visceral layers separated by serous fluid.
  • Name the serous membranes associated with the heart, lungs, and abdominopelvic cavity.
    Pericardium (heart), pleurae (lungs), and peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity).