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Anatomy & Physiology: Proteins and Amino Acids

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are proteins made of?
    Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds.
  • What type of bond links amino acids in a protein?
    Covalent peptide bonds link adjacent amino acids together.
  • What are the two ends of a protein polymer called?
    Proteins have directionality with an amino (N)-terminal and a carboxyl (C)-terminal end.
  • What are amino acids in relation to proteins?
    Amino acids are the monomers or building blocks of proteins.
  • What common components do all amino acids have?
    Each amino acid contains a central carbon, an amino group (N-terminal), a carboxyl group (C-terminal), and a unique R-group.
  • How many different amino acids do living organisms primarily use?
    Living organisms primarily use 20 different amino acids, each with a unique R-group.
  • What term describes an amino acid chain with fewer than 50 amino acids?
    A chain with fewer than 50 amino acids is called a peptide.
  • What term describes an amino acid chain with more than 50 amino acids?
    An amino acid chain with more than 50 amino acids is called a protein or polypeptide.
  • What is the primary structure of a protein?
    The primary structure is the sequence and number of amino acids in a protein.
  • What characterizes the secondary structure of a protein?
    Secondary structure involves alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonding in the protein backbone.
  • What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
    Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain.
  • What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
    Quaternary structure is when multiple polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein.
  • What causes secondary protein structures like alpha-helices and beta-sheets?
    Secondary structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between atoms of the peptide backbone.
  • What is protein denaturation?
    Denaturation is when a protein loses its functional shape due to environmental changes like heat, pH, or salt concentration.
  • What is the role of chaperone proteins?
    Chaperone proteins assist in protein folding or re-naturing after denaturation.
  • Which functional groups are always found in amino acids?
    Amino acids always have amino and carboxyl functional groups.
  • What determines all other levels of protein structure?
    The primary structure (amino acid sequence) determines all other levels of protein structure.
  • What happens to a protein when it is denatured?
    A denatured protein is non-functional because its shape is altered.
  • What is the difference between a peptide and a protein?
    A peptide is a short chain of amino acids (2-50), while a protein is a longer chain or multiple polypeptides folded into a functional form.
  • What is the significance of the R-group in amino acids?
    The R-group gives each amino acid its unique chemical properties.