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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal and Muscular System Review

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What are the two main types of bone tissue?
    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and found inside bones.
  • What connective tissues cover bones externally and internally?
    The periosteum covers the outer surface of bones, and the endosteum lines the inner surfaces.
  • Name the major sutures of the skull.
    Coronal, sagittal, squamosal, and lambdoid sutures connect the bones of the skull.
  • Which bones belong to the axial skeleton?
    The axial skeleton includes the skull bones, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
  • Which bones belong to the appendicular skeleton?
    The appendicular skeleton includes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, and bones of the hands and feet.
  • What are the natural spinal curves and their abnormal curvatures?
    Natural curves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar. Abnormal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis.
  • How are joints classified by structure and function?
    Structurally: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. Functionally: synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).
  • Name types of synovial joints and an example of each.
    Hinge (knee), ball-and-socket (shoulder), pivot (atlantoaxial), gliding (carpals), saddle (thumb), condyloid (wrist).
  • What are common movements around synovial joints?
    Movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, rotation, inversion, eversion, opposition.
  • What are the main muscle tissue types and their locations?
    Skeletal muscle attaches to bones, cardiac muscle is in the heart, and smooth muscle is in walls of hollow organs.
  • What is the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle?
    The sarcomere is the functional unit, defined by Z disks and containing actin and myosin filaments.
  • Name the connective tissue layers surrounding muscle from smallest to largest.
    Endomysium surrounds muscle fibers, perimysium surrounds fascicles, and epimysium surrounds the entire muscle.
  • How does stimulus voltage affect muscle tension?
    Increasing voltage recruits more muscle fibers, increasing tension until maximal contraction.
  • What is the effect of stimulus frequency on muscle contraction?
    Higher frequency causes summation and can lead to tetanus, a sustained contraction.
  • How does muscle length affect tension generation?
    Optimal muscle length allows maximal cross-bridge formation for greatest tension; too stretched or too contracted reduces tension.
  • Define origin and insertion of a muscle.
    The origin is the fixed attachment point; the insertion is the movable attachment point.
  • What are common muscle shapes and examples?
    Circular (orbicularis oris), pennate (rectus femoris), fusiform (biceps brachii), parallel (sartorius).
  • What is an aponeurosis?
    An aponeurosis is a broad, flat tendon connecting muscles to bones or other muscles.
  • What is the function of the mental foramen?
    The mental foramen allows passage of nerves and blood vessels to the chin and lower lip.
  • Name the bones forming the pelvic girdle.
    The pelvic girdle consists of the ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and coccyx.
  • What bones make up the hand skeleton?
    The hand includes carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (palm bones), and phalanges (finger bones).