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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System and Bone Tissue Review

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • Types of bones

    Long bones are longer than wide; short bones are cube-shaped; flat bones are thin and flat; irregular bones have complex shapes; sesamoid bones develop within tendons.

  • Intramembranous vs. Endochondral bone formation

    Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from mesenchyme; endochondral ossification forms most bones by replacing hyaline cartilage.

  • Compact bone vs. Spongy bone

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous, found inside bones, and contains red marrow.

  • Periosteum

    A dense connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bones, containing osteoblasts and blood vessels.

  • Endosteum

    A thin membrane lining the marrow cavity and inner surfaces of bones, containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

  • Haversian system (osteon)

    The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone matrix.

  • Osteocyte

    A mature bone cell located in lacunae that maintains bone tissue.

  • Osteoblast

    A bone-forming cell that secretes osteoid, the organic matrix of bone.

  • Osteoclast

    A large cell that resorbs or breaks down bone matrix during bone remodeling.

  • Lamellae

    Concentric rings of calcified matrix in compact bone surrounding the central canal.

  • Canaliculi

    Microscopic canals connecting lacunae, allowing osteocytes to communicate and exchange nutrients.

  • Epiphyseal plate

    A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis of long bones where bone growth occurs in children and adolescents.

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

  • Bone remodeling homeostasis

    Balance between osteoblast bone formation and osteoclast bone resorption to maintain bone strength and calcium levels.

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) role

    Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone and increasing calcium absorption in kidneys and intestines.

  • Calcitonin role

    Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bone.

  • Axial vs. Appendicular skeleton

    Axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

  • Cranial vs. Facial bones

    Cranial bones protect the brain; facial bones form the structure of the face.

  • Vertebral column curves

    Cervical and lumbar curves are concave posteriorly; thoracic and sacral curves are convex posteriorly.

  • Pelvic girdle vs. Pectoral girdle

    Pelvic girdle supports lower limbs and bears weight; pectoral girdle supports upper limbs and allows wide range of motion.

  • Fontanelles in newborn skull

    Soft spots: anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles allow skull flexibility during birth.

  • Bone fracture repair steps

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Bone markings: process, tubercle, and condyle

    Process is a projection; tubercle is a small rounded projection; condyle is a rounded articular surface.

  • Intramembranous ossification bones

    Forms flat bones of the skull, clavicle, and some facial bones directly from mesenchymal tissue.

  • Endochondral ossification bones

    Forms most bones of the body by replacing hyaline cartilage models with bone.