Skip to main content
뒤로

Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System, Joints, and Muscles

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/30

이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

    Axial Skeleton is the central core (skull, spine, ribs) protecting organs. Appendicular Skeleton includes arms, legs, shoulders, and hips for movement.

  • Five Main Functions of Bones

    Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, and Blood Cell Production inside bone marrow.

  • Bone Shapes

    Long bones (arms/legs), short bones (wrists/ankles), flat bones (ribs), and irregular bones (vertebrae).

  • Diaphysis and Epiphyses

    Diaphysis is the long central shaft; epiphyses are the rounded ends of a long bone.

  • Periosteum and Endosteum

    Periosteum is the tough outer covering of bone; endosteum is the inner lining inside the bone.

  • Compact vs. Spongy Bone

    Compact bone is dense and solid outside; spongy bone is light with a honeycomb structure inside.

  • Four Types of Bone Cells

    Osteogenic (stem cells), Osteoblasts (build bone), Osteocytes (maintain bone), Osteoclasts (break down bone).

  • Bone Growth Types

    Flat bones form by intramembranous ossification; long bones form by endochondral ossification from cartilage models.

  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin

    PTH raises blood calcium by activating osteoclasts; Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by promoting calcium storage in bones.

  • Steps of Fracture Repair

    Hematoma formation, soft callus (cartilage), hard callus (spongy bone), and remodeling by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

  • Structural Joint Types

    Fibrous (no movement), Cartilaginous (slight movement), Synovial (free movement).

  • Functional Joint Types

    Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), Diarthrosis (freely movable).

  • Key Parts of Synovial Joints

    Articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial fluid, and ligaments.

  • Difference Between Ligaments and Tendons

    Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone.

  • Types of Synovial Joints

    Plane (sliding), Hinge (door-like), Pivot (rotation), Condylar (back-and-forth & side-to-side), Saddle (wide movement), Ball-and-Socket (full rotation).

  • Common Joint Movements

    Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation, Pronation/Supination, Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion, Inversion/Eversion.

  • Muscle Tissue Types

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), Cardiac (involuntary, striated), Smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • Hierarchy of Skeletal Muscle Organization

    Whole muscle → Fascicle → Muscle fiber → Myofibril → Sarcomere → Myofilaments.

  • Sarcomere Structure Key Parts

    Actin (thin filament), Myosin (thick filament), Troponin & Tropomyosin (regulatory proteins), Z discs (sarcomere boundaries), M line (center of sarcomere).

  • Sliding Filament Theory

    Myosin heads pull actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere by reducing the H zone and I band; A band length stays the same.

  • Neuromuscular Junction Process

    Nerve signal triggers acetylcholine release, which binds muscle receptors, causing an electrical impulse; acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh to relax muscle.

  • Excitation–Contraction Coupling

    Signal travels down T-tubules, calcium is released, binds troponin, moves tropomyosin, exposing actin for myosin binding.

  • Cross-Bridge Cycling

    Myosin binds actin, performs power stroke, detaches using ATP, and resets for next pull.

  • Types of Muscle Contractions

    Isometric (tension without length change), Isotonic Concentric (muscle shortens), Isotonic Eccentric (muscle lengthens).

  • Muscle Energy Systems

    Phosphocreatine (instant), Anaerobic Glycolysis (fast without oxygen), Aerobic Metabolism (slow with oxygen).

  • Fast-Twitch vs. Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers

    Fast-twitch: quick, strong, fatigue fast; Slow-twitch: endurance, fatigue resistant.

  • Fascicle Arrangements

    Parallel, convergent (fan-shaped), pennate (feather-shaped), circular.

  • Lever Classes in the Body

    First class: fulcrum in middle (head nodding); Second class: load in middle (tiptoes); Third class: effort in middle (biceps curl).

  • Muscle Attachment Terms

    Origin: fixed bone; Insertion: moving bone.

  • Muscle Roles: Agonist, Antagonist, Synergist, Fixator

    Agonist: prime mover; Antagonist: opposes action; Synergist & Fixator: assist and stabilize joints.