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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What are the two main subdivisions of the skeleton?
    Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
  • List three functions of the skeletal system.
    Support the body, protect soft organs, allow movement, store minerals and fats, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).
  • Name the four main classifications of bones.
    Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
  • What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
    The shaft of the bone, composed mainly of compact bone, making up most of the bone's length.
  • What is the periosteum?
    A fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the outside of the diaphysis, secured by perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers.
  • What is contained in the marrow (medullary) cavity of a long bone?
    Yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults; red marrow for blood cell formation in infants.
  • What are bone markings and their categories?
    Surface features of bones for muscle, tendon, ligament attachment or nerve/blood vessel passage. Categories: projections/processes (start with 'T') and depressions/cavities (start with 'F').
  • What are osteocytes and where are they located?
    Mature bone cells situated within cavities called lacunae in the bone matrix.
  • What makes bone hard and flexible?
    Calcium salts deposited in the matrix make bone hard; organic parts of the matrix make bone flexible.
  • What is ossification?
    The process of bone formation, occurring on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes.
  • What are the two major phases of ossification in long bones?
    Osteoblasts cover the hyaline cartilage model and enclosed cartilage is digested away, forming a medullary cavity.
  • Where does bone growth in length occur in long bones?
    At the epiphyseal plates, which are converted to bone during adolescence, ending growth in length.
  • What factors influence bone remodeling throughout life?
    Blood calcium levels and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton.
  • What hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low and what does it do?
    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the blood.
  • What bones make up the axial skeleton?
    Skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax (ribs and sternum).
  • How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
    206 bones.
  • What are the two sets of bones in the skull?
    Cranium bones (enclose the brain) and facial bones (hold eyes and allow facial expression).
  • What is the difference between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae?
    Atlas supports the head and allows nodding; axis has the dens that acts as a pivot for head rotation.
  • What are the three parts of the bony thorax?
    Sternum, ribs (true, false, floating), and thoracic vertebrae.
  • What bones compose the pectoral girdle?
    Scapula and clavicle.
  • What bones form the pelvic girdle?
    Two coxal (ossa coxae) bones, each composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • Name two major differences between a male and female pelvis.
    Female pelvis is larger, more circular inlet, shallower, bones lighter and thinner, and pubic arch is more rounded.
  • What bones form the upper limb?
    Humerus (arm), radius and ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm), and phalanges (fingers).
  • What bones form the lower limb?
    Femur (thigh), tibia and fibula (lower leg), tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot), and phalanges (toes).
  • What are the three arches of the foot?
    Two longitudinal arches and one transverse arch.
  • What are the three major categories of joints based on movement?
    Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable).
  • What are the four distinguishing features of synovial joints?
    Articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, and reinforcing ligaments.