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Anatomy & Physiology: Skin and Body Membranes

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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • What are the main functions of body membranes?

    Cover surfaces, line cavities, and form protective sheets around organs.

  • What are the two main classifications of body membranes?

    Epithelial membranes (cutaneous, mucous, serous) and connective tissue membranes (synovial).

  • What is the cutaneous membrane composed of?

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) and underlying dense connective tissue (dermis).

  • Where are mucous membranes found and what is their function?

    Line body cavities open to the exterior; adapted for absorption and secretion.

  • Describe the structure of serous membranes.

    Simple squamous epithelium overlying areolar connective tissue; line closed body cavities; separated by serous fluid.

  • What are the two layers of serous membranes?

    Visceral layer covers organs; parietal layer lines cavity walls.

  • Name three examples of serous membranes.

    Peritoneum (abdominal cavity), pleura (lungs), and pericardium (heart).

  • What is unique about synovial membranes?

    Composed only of connective tissue; line joint capsules and secrete lubricating synovial fluid.

  • List the main functions of the skin.

    Protection from mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV, thermal damage, and desiccation; heat regulation; excretion; vitamin D synthesis.

  • What are the two main layers of the skin?

    Epidermis (outer, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium) and dermis (dense connective tissue).

  • What is the hypodermis and its function?

    Layer beneath dermis; mostly adipose tissue; anchors skin to underlying organs; not technically part of skin.

  • Name the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial.

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.

  • What is the role of the stratum basale?

    Deepest epidermal layer; contains mitotically active cells that produce daughter cells pushed upward.

  • What is the function of the stratum corneum?

    Outermost layer of dead, keratin-filled cells; prevents water loss from skin.

  • What pigment is produced by melanocytes and what affects its production?

    Melanin; production increases with exposure to sunlight.

  • What are the two layers of the dermis and their features?

    Papillary layer: upper, contains dermal papillae and sensory receptors; reticular layer: deeper, contains blood vessels, glands, and pressure receptors.

  • What determines normal skin color?

    Melanin, carotene (orange-yellow pigment), and hemoglobin (red from blood cells).

  • What causes redness (erythema) and pallor (blanching) in skin?

    Redness: inflammation, fever, allergy; Pallor: emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure.

  • What are the main types of cutaneous glands?

    Sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat (sudoriferous) glands.

  • What is the function of sebaceous glands?

    Produce sebum to lubricate skin and hair, prevent brittleness, and kill bacteria.

  • What are the two types of sweat glands and their differences?

    Eccrine glands: open to skin surface, produce clear sweat; Apocrine glands: open into hair follicles, produce milky sweat with fatty acids and proteins.

  • What is the composition and function of sweat?

    Mostly water, salts, vitamin C, metabolic wastes; helps dissipate heat, excretes wastes, and inhibits bacteria.

  • What structures are associated with hair?

    Hair follicle, arrector pili muscle (raises hair), sebaceous gland, and sudoriferous gland.

  • What are nails and their main parts?

    Heavily keratinized epidermal modifications; parts include free edge, body, root, cuticle, and nail matrix.