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Anatomy & Physiology: Special Senses

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is transduction in sensory receptors?

    Transduction is the process by which sensory receptors convert an adequate stimulus into a change in membrane potential, generating electrical signals.

  • Define adequate stimulus.

    Adequate stimulus is the specific form of energy a sensory receptor cell is specialized to respond to.

  • What are chemoreceptors and where are they found?

    Chemoreceptors detect chemical stimuli and are found in smell, taste, and tissue damage receptors.

  • What type of receptor detects temperature changes?

    Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature.

  • What are mechanoreceptors responsible for?

    Mechanoreceptors detect mechanical stimuli such as touch, hearing, and equilibrium.

  • What type of receptors detect light?

    Photoreceptors are specialized cells that detect light energy in the eye.

  • How do ligand-gated ion channels function in sensory neurons?

    Ligand-gated ion channels open in response to a ligand binding, allowing ions like Ca2+ to enter and generate receptor potentials.

  • Describe the olfactory receptor mechanism.

    Olfactory receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that activate adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP, opening cation channels and depolarizing the cell.

  • What are the five primary taste sensations and their stimuli?

    Sweet (sugars), Salty (Na+), Sour (H+), Bitter (toxic molecules), Umami (glutamate and nucleotides).

  • How do sweet, bitter, and umami taste receptors transduce signals?

    They use G protein-coupled receptors called gustducin to initiate signal transduction.

  • How do salty and sour tastants generate receptor potentials?

    They directly depolarize taste receptor cells causing release of serotonin.

  • What is the role of the tympanic membrane in hearing?

    The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting vibrations to the middle ear bones.

  • Name the three middle ear bones and their function.

    Malleus, incus, and stapes amplify sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea.

  • What is the function of the oval and round windows in the ear?

    The oval window transmits vibrations into the cochlear fluid; the round window allows fluid displacement to relieve pressure.

  • How do hair cells transduce sound energy into electrical signals?

    Movement of stereocilia opens mechanically gated ion channels, causing depolarization or hyperpolarization of hair cells.

  • What causes depolarization in hair cells of the cochlea?

    Bending stereocilia toward the tallest stereocilium opens ion channels, leading to depolarization.

  • What is the role of the basilar and tectorial membranes in hearing?

    Basilar membrane movement causes hair cells to move against the tectorial membrane, triggering ion channel opening.

  • What is the vestibular apparatus responsible for?

    The vestibular apparatus detects head position and movement to maintain balance and equilibrium.

  • What are otoliths and their function?

    Otoliths are calcium carbonate crystals that move with gravity, stimulating hair cells in the vestibular system to detect head position.

  • Describe the general pathway of sound from the external ear to the cochlea.

    Sound waves enter the ear canal, vibrate the tympanic membrane, are amplified by middle ear bones, and transmitted to the cochlea via the oval window.