Skip to main content
뒤로

Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Level of Organization

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/28

이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?
    Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Neural tissue.
  • What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
    Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and produces glandular secretions.
  • List key characteristics of epithelial tissue.
    Cellularity, polarity, attachment to underlying connective tissue, avascularity, limited ability to repair, and high regeneration rate.
  • What does polarity in epithelial tissue refer to?
    Structural and functional differences between the exposed (apical) surface and the attached (basal) surface.
  • Name the three main types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue.
    Tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.
  • What is the function of tight junctions?
    They encircle cells and bind them to neighbors, preventing passage of water and solutes and isolating wastes in the lumen.
  • How do gap junctions function in epithelial tissue?
    They allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells, enabling coordination such as cilia beating and heart contractions.
  • What role do desmosomes play in epithelial tissue?
    They act like rivets, anchoring cells together and allowing bending and twisting without damage.
  • What is a hemidesmosome?
    A structure that attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane, resembling half a desmosome.
  • What are the two parts of the basement membrane?
    Lamina lucida (closer to epithelium, secreted by epithelial cells) and lamina densa (thick fibers produced by connective tissue).
  • How are epithelia classified based on cell shape?
    Squamous (thin and flat), cuboidal (square-shaped), and columnar (tall and slender).
  • How are epithelia classified based on layers?
    Simple epithelium (single layer) and stratified epithelium (multiple layers).
  • What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
    Facilitates absorption, secretion, and reduces friction; found in kidney tubules, alveoli, and lining of blood vessels.
  • Where is stratified squamous epithelium found and what is its function?
    Found on skin surface, mouth, esophagus; provides protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack.
  • What distinguishes keratinized from nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
    Keratinized has a surface layer of dead cells packed with keratin to prevent dehydration; nonkeratinized resists abrasion but can dry out.
  • What are the three modes of exocrine gland secretion?
    Merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (apical portion of cell released), and holocrine (cell disintegrates to release secretion).
  • What are the three types of exocrine gland secretions?
    Serous glands (watery secretions), mucous glands (secrete mucins), and mixed glands (both serous and mucous).
  • What are the three classes of connective tissue?
    Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissues (cartilage and bone).
  • What are the main functions of connective tissue?
    Structural framework, transport fluids, protect organs, support tissues, store energy, and defend against microorganisms.
  • What are the three fiber types found in connective tissue proper?
    Collagen fibers (strong, resist force in one direction), reticular fibers (branched, resist force in many directions), and elastic fibers (branched, return to original length after stretching).
  • What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?
    Loose connective tissue fills spaces and cushions organs; dense connective tissue has more fibers and provides strength and support.
  • What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
    Dense regular (parallel collagen fibers), dense irregular (interwoven collagen fibers), and elastic tissue (dominated by elastic fibers).
  • What are the three types of cartilage?
    Hyaline cartilage (stiff, flexible support), elastic cartilage (support with flexibility), and fibrocartilage (tough, durable, resists compression).
  • Why does cartilage heal slowly?
    Because it is avascular and chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factors that prevent blood vessel formation.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    Skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary), cardiac muscle (striated, involuntary), and smooth muscle (nonstriated, involuntary).
  • What are the two main cell types in neural tissue?
    Neurons (conduct electrical impulses) and neuroglia (supporting cells that repair and supply nutrients).
  • What are the two processes tissues use to respond to injury?
    Inflammation (initial response with swelling, redness, heat, pain) and regeneration (replacement of damaged cells).
  • What factors reduce tissue repair efficiency with age?
    Slower metabolism, hormonal changes, reduced activity, tissue thinning, increased bruising, and bone brittleness.