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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Characteristics

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  • What is tissue?

    Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure that perform common or related functions.

  • Name the four basic tissue types.

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

  • What are the two main forms of epithelial tissue?

    Covering and lining epithelia (external and internal surfaces) and glandular epithelia (secretory tissue in glands).

  • List the five distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue.

    Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissues, avascular but innervated, and regeneration.

  • What does polarity mean in epithelial tissue?

    Cells have an apical surface exposed to the cavity or surface and a basal surface attached inward toward the body.

  • What specialized contacts bind epithelial cells together?

    Tight junctions and desmosomes.

  • What is the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?

    A network of collagen fibers (basal and reticular lamina) that supports epithelial sheets and resists stretching and tearing.

  • How do epithelial tissues receive nutrients if they are avascular?

    By diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

  • How are epithelial tissues classified by layers and shape?

    By number of layers: simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers). By shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), or columnar (tall).

  • What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

    Allows rapid diffusion; found in kidneys and lungs.

  • Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what is its function?

    Found in ducts of glands and kidneys; functions in secretion and absorption.

  • Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

    Cells vary in height and appear stratified but all touch the basement membrane; involved in secretion and mucus movement.

  • What is the main role of stratified epithelial tissues?

    Protection, especially in areas of high wear and tear.

  • What distinguishes glandular epithelia?

    They consist of cells that make and secrete aqueous solutions called secretions; classified as endocrine (internal) or exocrine (external) glands.

  • What are the main functions of connective tissue?

    Binding and support, protection, insulation, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances.

  • What are the three main structural elements of connective tissue?

    Ground substance, fibers, and cells.

  • Name the three types of fibers in connective tissue.

    Collagen (strongest), elastic (stretch and recoil), and reticular (fine branched mesh).

  • What are 'blast' and 'cyte' cells in connective tissue?

    'Blast' cells are immature and secrete matrix; 'cyte' cells are mature and maintain matrix health.

  • List the four main classes of connective tissue.

    Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.

  • What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?

    Loose connective tissues (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissues (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic).

  • Describe areolar connective tissue.

    Gel-like matrix with all fiber types; supports and cushions organs; widely distributed under epithelia.

  • What is the function of adipose tissue?

    Provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs.

  • Where is reticular connective tissue found and what is its function?

    Found in lymphoid organs; forms a soft internal skeleton supporting blood cells.

  • What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

    Attaches muscles to bones or muscles; withstands tension in one direction.

  • How does dense irregular connective tissue differ from dense regular?

    Collagen fibers are thicker and irregularly arranged; resists tension from many directions.

  • What is the role of elastic connective tissue?

    Allows tissue to recoil after stretching; found in walls of large arteries and some ligaments.

  • Describe skeletal muscle tissue.

    Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations; voluntary movement.

  • What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?

    Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells with intercalated discs; involuntary control.

  • Where is smooth muscle found and what is its function?

    Walls of hollow organs; propels substances or objects involuntarily.

  • What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?

    Neurons (generate and conduct impulses) and glial cells (support and protect neurons).

  • What are the three types of covering and lining membranes?

    Cutaneous (skin), mucous (line body cavities open to exterior), and serous membranes (line closed body cavities).

  • What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis in tissue repair?

    Regeneration replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind, restoring function; fibrosis replaces it with connective tissue, losing original function.