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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Characteristics

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  • What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
    Covers body surfaces or cavities and functions in protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.
  • Name the five special characteristics of epithelial tissue.
    Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration.
  • What does polarity in epithelial tissue refer to?
    Cells have a top (apical) surface exposed to the surface or cavity and a bottom (basal) surface attached to underlying tissue.
  • What are the two main forms of epithelial tissue?
    Covering and lining epithelia (external and internal surfaces) and glandular epithelia (secretory tissue in glands).
  • How are epithelial tissues classified by layers and cell shape?
    By number of layers: simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers); and by cell shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), or columnar (tall).
  • What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
    Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration where protection is not important, e.g., in kidneys and lungs.
  • Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what is its function?
    Found in kidney tubules and gland ducts; functions in secretion and absorption.
  • Describe the function and location of simple columnar epithelium.
    Involved in absorption and secretion; found in the digestive tract, gallbladder, and uterine tubes.
  • What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and where is it found?
    Single layer of cells of varying heights that appears stratified; often ciliated; found in the upper respiratory tract.
  • What is the main role of stratified epithelial tissues?
    Protection, especially in areas subject to wear and tear, such as the skin and esophagus.
  • What distinguishes transitional epithelium?
    Cells can change shape when stretched; found lining hollow urinary organs like the bladder.
  • What are the two main types of glands based on product release?
    Endocrine glands (ductless, secrete hormones into blood) and exocrine glands (secrete onto body surfaces or cavities via ducts).
  • What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular exocrine glands?
    Unicellular glands (e.g., goblet cells) are single secretory cells; multicellular glands have a duct and secretory unit.
  • Name the three modes of secretion in multicellular exocrine glands.
    Merocrine (exocytosis), holocrine (rupture of entire cell), and apocrine (apex of cell pinches off).
  • What are the three main structural elements of connective tissue?
    Ground substance, fibers, and cells.
  • What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?
    Collagen fibers (strongest), elastic fibers (stretch and recoil), and reticular fibers (branched networks).
  • What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
    Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
  • What is the function of areolar connective tissue?
    Wraps and cushions organs; holds and conveys tissue fluid; widely distributed under epithelia.
  • What distinguishes dense regular connective tissue?
    Closely packed collagen fibers running parallel; provides high tensile strength in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments.
  • What are the three types of cartilage and their key features?
    Hyaline (most abundant, glassy), elastic (more elastic fibers), and fibrocartilage (strong, found in intervertebral discs).
  • What are the main characteristics of bone tissue?
    Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells; highly vascularized with a calcified matrix.
  • What makes blood a connective tissue?
    It consists of cells surrounded by a fluid matrix (plasma) and functions in transport of nutrients, wastes, gases, and other substances.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated, heart), and smooth (involuntary, nonstriated, walls of hollow organs).
  • What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?
    Neurons (generate and conduct impulses) and supporting cells (insulate and protect neurons).
  • What are the three types of covering and lining membranes?
    Cutaneous (skin), mucous (line body cavities open to exterior), and serous (line closed ventral body cavities).
  • What are the two major ways tissue repair occurs?
    Regeneration (replacement with same tissue) and fibrosis (replacement with connective tissue scar).