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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Characteristics

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  • What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues are the four basic tissue types.

  • What is epithelial tissue and its main functions?

    Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells covering body surfaces or lining cavities. Functions include protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.

  • List the five special characteristics of epithelial tissue.

    1. Polarity
    2. Specialized contacts
    3. Supported by connective tissue
    4. Avascular but innervated
    5. Regeneration

  • What does polarity mean in epithelial tissue?

    Polarity means epithelial cells have a top (apical) surface exposed to the body surface or cavity and a bottom (basal) surface attached to underlying tissue via the basal lamina.

  • What are the two main forms of epithelial tissue?

    Covering and lining epithelium (outer skin layer and lining of cavities) and glandular epithelium (forms glands).

  • How are epithelial tissues classified by layers and cell shape?

    By layers: simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers).
    By shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (tall).

  • What is the function and location of simple squamous epithelium?

    Allows rapid diffusion and filtration; found in kidney, lungs, lining of heart and blood vessels.

  • Describe simple cuboidal epithelium.

    Single layer of cube-shaped cells involved in secretion and absorption; found in kidney tubules and gland ducts.

  • What distinguishes simple columnar epithelium?

    Single layer of tall cells, often with microvilli or cilia; involved in absorption and secretion; found in digestive tract and uterine tubes.

  • What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    Single layer of cells of varying heights that appears stratified; often ciliated; involved in mucus secretion and movement; found in respiratory tract.

  • What is the main role of stratified squamous epithelium?

    Protection in high abrasion areas; outer layer is flat cells; found in skin and moist linings.

  • What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

    Epithelium that changes shape when stretched; found in urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra.

  • Differentiate endocrine and exocrine glands.

    Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into blood; exocrine glands secrete onto surfaces or cavities via ducts.

  • What are the three modes of secretion in multicellular exocrine glands?

    Merocrine (exocytosis), holocrine (cell ruptures), and apocrine (apex of cell pinches off).

  • What are the four main classes of connective tissue?

    Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.

  • What are the three main components of connective tissue?

    Ground substance, fibers, and cells.

  • Name the three types of connective tissue fibers and their functions.

    Collagen fibers (strength), elastic fibers (stretch and recoil), reticular fibers (supportive meshwork).

  • What is the difference between '-blast' and '-cyte' cells in connective tissue?

    '-blast' cells are immature and secrete matrix; '-cyte' cells are mature and maintain the matrix.

  • Describe areolar connective tissue.

    Loose connective tissue that supports and binds other tissues; contains fibroblasts and a loose arrangement of collagen fibers.

  • What are the characteristics and functions of adipose tissue?

    Loose connective tissue with adipocytes; stores energy, insulates, and cushions organs.

  • What is dense regular connective tissue and where is it found?

    Closely packed collagen fibers aligned parallel; resists tension in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments.

  • What distinguishes dense irregular connective tissue?

    Collagen fibers arranged irregularly; resists tension from multiple directions; found in dermis and joint capsules.

  • What are the three types of cartilage?

    Hyaline (most abundant), elastic (more elastic fibers), fibrocartilage (strong, found in intervertebral discs).

  • What are the main features of bone tissue?

    Hard tissue with collagen and inorganic salts; supports and protects; contains osteoblasts and osteocytes.

  • Why is blood considered a connective tissue?

    It has cells suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) and functions in transport of substances.

  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated, intercalated discs), smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?

    Neurons (transmit electrical signals) and glial cells (support and protect neurons).

  • What are the three types of membranes in the body?

    Cutaneous (skin), mucous (line cavities open to exterior), and serous (line closed ventral body cavities).

  • What are the two major ways tissue repair occurs?

    Regeneration (replacement with same tissue) and fibrosis (replacement with scar tissue).