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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Characteristics

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  • What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What defines epithelial tissue?
    Sheets of cells that cover body surfaces, line cavities, and form glands.
  • What are the two main forms of epithelial tissue?
    Covering and lining epithelium and glandular epithelium.
  • What are the key distinguishing features of epithelial tissue?
    Avascular, polarity (apical and basal surfaces), specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, and regeneration ability.
  • How is epithelial tissue classified by arrangement?
    Simple (one cell layer) and stratified (multiple layers).
  • How is epithelial tissue classified by cell shape?
    Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (tall and column-shaped).
  • What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
    Protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, excretion, and sensory reception.
  • What is connective tissue and its main functions?
    Tissue that binds, supports, protects, and integrates body parts.
  • What are the three main components of all connective tissues?
    Living cells, protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and ground substance.
  • What are fibroblasts?
    Cells that produce protein fibers in connective tissue.
  • Name the three types of protein fibers secreted by fibroblasts.
    Collagen fibers (strong, flexible), elastic fibers (stretch and recoil), and reticular fibers (branching network).
  • What are the two categories of connective tissue proper?
    Loose connective tissue (cushions organs) and dense connective tissue (provides strength).
  • What are the three types of specialized connective tissue?
    Bone, cartilage, and blood.
  • What are the three types of cartilage?
    Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
  • What distinguishes bone tissue from cartilage?
    Bone is highly vascularized with a mineralized matrix; cartilage is avascular with a gel-like matrix.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated, intercalated discs), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).
  • What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
    Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations; under voluntary control.
  • What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
    Branching, uninucleate cells with striations and intercalated discs; involuntary control.
  • What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
    Spindle-shaped, uninucleate cells without striations; involuntary control.
  • What are the two major cell types in nervous tissue?
    Neurons (signal transmission) and neuroglia (supporting cells).
  • What is the function of nervous tissue?
    To receive stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the body.
  • What are the three types of membranes in the body?
    Cutaneous (skin), mucous (line cavities open to exterior), and serous (line closed cavities).
  • What is the function of endocrine glands?
    Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • What is the function of exocrine glands?
    Secrete substances through ducts onto body surfaces or into cavities.