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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Characteristics

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  • What defines a tissue in the body?

    A group of cells with similar embryological origin, structure, and function, plus extracellular material and cell connections.

  • What are the four main types of tissues?

    Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

  • What are the general features of epithelial tissue?

    Mostly cellular with little extracellular material, cells arranged in sheets, apical and basal surfaces, avascular, high mitotic rate, and nerve supply.

  • What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?

    Protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, and reproduction.

  • How is epithelial tissue classified by layers?

    Simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), and pseudostratified (one layer that looks like many).

  • What are the common shapes of epithelial cells?

    Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (variable).

  • What are the general features of connective tissue?

    Most abundant tissue, composed of cells, ground substance, and fibers forming a matrix, usually vascular, except cartilage and tendons.

  • What are the two main categories of connective tissue cells?

    Immature cells ending in -blast (e.g., fibroblast) that secrete matrix, and mature cells ending in -cyte (e.g., osteocyte) that maintain the matrix.

  • Name key types of connective tissue cells and their functions.

    Fibroblasts (secrete fibers/matrix), macrophages (phagocytic), plasma cells (produce antibodies), mast cells (produce histamine), adipocytes (store fat), white blood cells (immune response).

  • What is the function of the connective tissue matrix?

    Supports, binds, and provides a medium for exchange of materials between blood and cells.

  • What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue matrix?

    Collagen fibers (tough, flexible), elastic fibers (stretchy), and reticular fibers (support framework).

  • Describe hyaline cartilage and its location.

    Most abundant cartilage with fine collagen fibers in a gel matrix; found in embryonic skeleton, ends of bones, nose, and respiratory structures.

  • What distinguishes fibrocartilage and where is it found?

    Contains bundles of collagen fibers; found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and knee menisci; functions in support and fusion.

  • What is elastic cartilage and its function?

    Contains elastic fibers; found in epiglottis, auditory tubes, and external ear; provides support and maintains shape.

  • What are the main components and functions of bone tissue?

    Matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibers with osteocytes; supports, protects, enables movement, stores minerals, and houses blood-forming tissue.

  • What is the matrix of blood called and what are its formed elements?

    Matrix is plasma; formed elements include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

  • What are the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics?

    Smooth (involuntary, nonstriated, spindle-shaped cells), skeletal (voluntary, striated, multinucleated), cardiac (involuntary, striated, branched fibers with intercalated discs).

  • What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

    Strengthen tissue and aid in the continuation of nerve impulses to regulate heartbeat.

  • What are the main components of nervous tissue?

    Neurons (cell body, axon, dendrites) and supporting neuroglia cells.

  • What is the role of neuroglia in nervous tissue?

    Support neurons and maintain the neural environment.