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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Characteristics

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이 집합의 용어 (22)

  • What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?
    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.
  • How is tissue prepared for microscopic viewing?
    Tissue must be fixed (preserved), sectioned (thinly sliced), and stained to enhance contrast.
  • What distinguishes epithelial tissue in terms of cell arrangement and location?
    Cells are arranged in sheets, densely packed, cover body surfaces, and line body cavities.
  • What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
    It attaches epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue and provides structural support.
  • What does it mean that epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated?
    It has no blood vessels but contains nerve endings for sensation.
  • Define epithelial tissue polarity.
    Epithelial cells have an apical surface exposed to the environment and a basal surface attached to connective tissue.
  • What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
    Protection, selective permeability, sensation, and secretion.
  • How are epithelial tissues classified by layers?
    Simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), and pseudostratified (appears layered but is one layer).
  • How are epithelial tissues classified by cell shape?
    Shapes include squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (tall column), and transitional (change shape).
  • What is a pseudostratified epithelium?
    A single layer of cells with nuclei at different heights, giving a layered appearance.
  • What are the three types of glandular secretions in epithelial tissue?
    Merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (apical portion released), and holocrine (whole cell released).
  • What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
    Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete hormones into blood; exocrine glands have ducts and secrete onto surfaces.
  • What are the main fiber types in connective tissue?
    Collagen (strong, tensile), elastic (stretch and recoil), and reticular (network support).
  • Name the resident cells of connective tissue and their functions.
    Fibroblasts produce fibers and matrix, adipocytes store fat, fixed macrophages engulf pathogens.
  • What are wandering cells in connective tissue?
    Cells like mast cells (release histamine), plasma cells (produce antibodies), and free macrophages (mobile phagocytes).
  • List the major types of connective tissue.
    Areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic, cartilage, bone, and blood.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics?
    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated, intercalated discs), smooth (involuntary, non-striated).
  • What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?
    Neurons (transmit signals) and neuroglia (support and protect neurons).
  • What are the four types of membranes in the body?
    Cutaneous (skin), mucous (lines cavities open to exterior), serous (lines closed cavities), synovial (lines joint cavities).
  • What is fibrosis in tissue repair?
    The formation of scar tissue replacing damaged tissue.
  • Define hypertrophy, hyperplasia, neoplasia, and atrophy in tissue modification.
    Hypertrophy: cell size increase; hyperplasia: cell number increase; neoplasia: uncontrolled growth; atrophy: shrinkage by cell loss or size decrease.
  • What is necrosis?
    Irreversible tissue death due to damage, often causing inflammation.