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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1-3 Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (26)

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Name the 6 components of a homeostatic loop in order.

    Stimulus, Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Control Center, Efferent Pathway, Effector.

  • What are the two methods the control center uses to send instructions to effectors?

    Electrical signals (nervous system) and chemical signals (endocrine system).

  • Give examples of control centers other than the brain.

    Examples include the spinal cord, pancreas, and endocrine glands.

  • Name the 4 possible types of effectors.

    Muscles, glands, organs, and cells that respond to control center signals.

  • Define 'Action' in a homeostatic loop.

    The response performed by the effector to adjust the internal condition.

  • What is a stimulus in a homeostatic loop?

    A change in the internal or external environment that is detected by receptors.

  • In the example of going outside on a hot day, which is the stimulus: going outside or increased body temperature? Why?

    The stimulus is the increased body temperature because it is the detected change triggering the response.

  • What type of receptor detects increased body temperature?

    Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature.

  • Why is sweating not the stimulus?

    Sweating is the body's response (action), not the initial detected change.

  • Why is a change in heart rate not necessarily the stimulus?

    Because it is a physiological response, not the original detected change triggering the loop.

  • What happens to the original stimulus if the body's response is successful?

    The stimulus is reduced or eliminated, restoring balance.

  • Name and differentiate the two types of feedback loops.

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain homeostasis; positive feedback amplifies a change to complete a process.

  • Example of a positive feedback loop and its components.

    System: Blood clotting; Stimulus: Blood vessel injury; Receptor: Platelets; Control center: Platelet activation; Instructions: Release chemicals; Effector: Platelets; Action: Clot formation.

  • Example of a negative feedback loop and its components.

    System: Body temperature regulation; Stimulus: Increased body temperature; Receptor: Thermoreceptors; Control center: Hypothalamus; Instructions: Signal sweat glands; Effector: Sweat glands; Action: Sweating to cool body.

  • Which feedback loop is more common in the body?

    Negative feedback loops are more common.

  • Describe the atomic structure of elements.

    Atoms consist of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with electrons orbiting in shells around it.

  • Explain electron organization and the octet rule.

    Electrons occupy orbital shells; the valence shell is the outermost. The octet rule states atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in their valence shell.

  • How does valence electron number affect reactivity and bonding?

    Atoms with incomplete valence shells are reactive; they form bonds by gaining, losing (forming cations/anions), or sharing electrons.

  • Describe covalent vs ionic bonds.

    Covalent bonds share electrons between atoms; ionic bonds transfer electrons, creating charged ions attracted to each other.

  • What does electronegativity mean?

    Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond.

  • Name the three most electronegative atoms.

    Fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen.

  • Why is H2O polar but O2 and CO2 non-polar?

    H2O has polar covalent bonds and a bent shape causing uneven charge; O2 and CO2 have nonpolar bonds or symmetrical shapes, so charges balance out.

  • Why is water a good solvent for ionic bonds?

    Water's polarity allows it to surround and separate charged ions, dissolving ionic compounds.

  • What is a hydrogen bond?

    A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

  • Why must polar covalent bonds exist before hydrogen bonds form?

    Polar covalent bonds create partial charges needed for hydrogen bonds to form between molecules.