ANATOMY EXAM 1

The study of the organ systems of the body.

Examines structural changes over time.

The study of early developmental stages, from conception through the first 8 weeks of development.

Considers anatomical similarities and differences in different types of animals.

Studies anatomical changes that occur during pathological illnesses.

Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures.

Using X-rays or ultrasound scans to study anatomy.

Using radiographic techniques (CT, MRI, and spiral scans) to study cross sections of the body.

List the Levels of Organization from simplest to most complex.

What four elements combine to make up 99% of the body?

There are over a dozen different elements in the body. Atoms combine to form molecules. Four elements make up 99% of the body.

The smallest living unit in the body; consists of organelles.

Tissues are composed of one type of cell that works together. Ex.) epithelial, muscular, nerual, and connective tissue

Combination of tissues. Ex.) The heart consists of all four types of tissues

A combination of various organs makes up a specific system. Ex.) The heart and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system.

The 11 organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis and basic life functions.

What percentage of water is the body made up of?

List the 11 Organ Systems of the body.

This organ system consists of the skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, and the subcutaneous layer.

This organ system consists of the bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, and bone marrow.

This organ system contains skeletal muscles, tendons, and aponeuroses.

This organ system contains the Central Nervous System, brain, spinal cord, special senses, and Peripheral Nervous System.

This organ system contains the pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid gland. thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, and gonads.

This organ system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

This organ system contains lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and the thymus.

This system consists of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

This system consists of the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and large intestine.

This organ system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

This organ system consists of the testes, accessory organs, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and external genitalia.

Lying down (face up) in the anatomical position.

Lying down (face down) in the anatomical position.

The four sections: right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.

Which quadrant contains the right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, and intestines?

What quadrant contains the left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and portions of the large intestine?

What quadrant contains cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs, and right ureter?

What quadrant contains most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs?

List the nine abdominopelvic regions in order from left to right. (Hint: the regions are named from a person in the anatomical position's left and right.)

Anatomical directions for above and below.

Anatomical directions for front and back.

Anatomical directions for the middle and side.

Anatomical directions for outside and inside.

Anatomical directions for closer and further to the point of attachment.

This sectional plane separates the body into left and right.

This sectional plane separates the body into proximal and distal (top and bottom).

This sectional plane separates the body into anterior and posterior (front and back).

Internal chambers that protect organs and allow them to change shape; if you remove an oran you will leave a cavity.

A flat, muscular sheet, separates the two main cavities: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic.

What is contained in the Anterior (ventral) Cavity?

What is contained in the Posterior (dorsal) cavity?

What cavities are contained in the thoracic cavity?

What cavities are contained in the abdominopelvic cavity?

What surrounds the heart?

What contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels?

The Pericardial Cavity contains what?

The Pleural Cavity contains what?

The Peritoneal Cavity contains what?

What are the four primary types of tissue?

List some characteristics of Epithelial Tissue.

What will always be separating epithelium and connective tissue?

What are some functions of Epithelial Tissue?

What are three specializations of Epithelial Cells?

Epithelium has one layer of cells.

Epithelium has two or more layers of cells.

Relatively flat cell shape in epithelium.

Epithelia cells shaped like cubes.

Epithelia cells shaped like columns that are longer than wide.

What are the specializations of Epithelial cells that are found on the apical surface of cells?

What holds cells together and prevents the passage of chemicals and pathogens?

What gives the epithelium strength and stability?

What is the cell membrane attached to?

What two layers does the basement membrane consist of?

How is the epithelium replaced?

This epithelial tissue consists of delicate cells located in the lining of body cavities and the lining of the heart and blood vessels. It functions to reduce friction and absorb and secrete material.

This epithelial tissue is found on the surface of the skin and lining the mouth, anus, esophagus, and vagina. It functions to protect against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals.

This epithelial tissue is located in the thyroid gland, ducts, and kidney tubules. It functions for secretion and absorption while providing very little protection.

This epithelial tissue is rare and located in the ducts of sweat glands. It functions for secretion and absorption.

This epithelial tissue is located in stomach lining, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of the kidneys. It functions for secretion, absorption, and protection.

This epithelial tissue is located in the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary glands, and urethra. It functions as protection.

This epithelial tissue has nuclei situated at different levels. It is located in the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi as well as the vas deferens, prostate gland, and epididymis. It functions for protection and secretion.

This epithelial tissue consists of many layers and is a combination of cuboidal and "oddly" shaped cells. It is located in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters. It functions with an ability to stretch extensively.

What are the two types of gland in epithelial tissue?

What are the three types of exocrine glands?

Secretes watery fluid with enzymes.

Secretes glycoproteins called mucins (mucus).

Glands that secrete hormones that enter the blood or lymph.

Unicellular glands secrete mucus through two types of glands, which are?

What kind of glands produce secretory sheets that line the stomach?

In a multicellular gland the secretory portion (gland cells) is ______ to the duct.

If the duct is simple, is there branching?

If the duct is compound, is there branching?

Gland cells are arranged in a tube.

Gland cells form a blind pocket.

A gland that combines tubular and alveolar.

The product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis. This is the most common mode of secretion.

Shedding of the apical portion of the cell. Found in mammary glands.

Cell bursts apart. Found in sebaceous glands.

What does a simple tubular gland look like?

What does a simple coiled tubular gland look like?

What does a simple branched tubular gland look like?

What does a simple alveolar gland look like?

What does a simple branched alveolar gland look like?

What does a compound tubular gland look like?

What does a compound alveolar gland look like?

What does a compound tubuloalveolar gland look like?

What type of epithelial tissue lines the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal body cavities?

How does Simple Squamous Epithelium function?

What type of epithelial tissue is found on the surface of skin, lining the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina?

How does Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function?

Where is fibrous cartilage located?

How does fibrous cartilage function?

Epithelia and connective tissue combine to form what?

Every membrane consists of both...?

What are the four types of membranes?

Line digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts.

What are some functions of the mucous membrane?

The areolar connective tissue directly underneath and supporting the epithelium of a mucous membrane.

Lines the body cavities and consists of a parietal and a visceral layer.

Lines the lungs

Lines the peritoneal cavity

Lines the heart

What is the fluid associated with serous membranes?

This membrane makes up the skin, consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and is thick and waterproof.

Lines the joint cavities and produces synovial fluid to reduce friction.

What is different about synovial membranes?

What are the two forms of embryonic connective tissue?

First tissue to form in a developing embryo.

Found throughout the developing embryo.

Between skin and underlying organs, areolar tissue and adipose tissue, and also known as subcutaneous layer or hypodermis layer.

Forms a strong, fibrous internal framework, dense irregular connective tissue, bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments.

Between serous membranes and deep fascia and areolar tissue.

Cytoplasm in muscle cells is called?

Cell membrane in muscle cells is called what?

Striated voluntary muscle that voluntarily moves the cell. Has a striped appearance under the microscope, is multinucleated, and cannot divide but new muscle fibers can be produced for partial injury repair.

Found only associated with the heart, each cell has one nucleus, intercalated discs form connections at specialized regions, and does not rely on nervou system. It is also called striated involuntary muscle. The muscle cells are branched.

Nonstriated involuntary muscle found in the base of hair follicles, walls of blood vessels, lining the urinary bladder, and within respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.This muscle can divide and regenerate after injury.

Specialized to conduct electrical signals, longest cells in the body, and incapable of cell reproduction.

What are the two types of neural cells?

The cells that actually transmit the impulse.

The supporting cells of the neural tissue; protect the neurons.

______ receive incoming messages; _____ axon (nerve fiber) conducts outgoing messages.

What are the four types of cells found in the epidermis?

Produce a tough protein called keratin.

Pigment cells located deep in the epidermis; produce melanin (skin color).

Sensory cells

Wandering macrophages

List the layers of the Epidermis

This layer of the epidermis consists of basal cells (large sem cells) and melanocytes. Cells in this region are undergoing active reproduction. Skin surfaces that lack hair contain specialized cells known as Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells) that are sensitive to the touch.

In this layer of the epidermis, the most common cells in this layer are Dendritic cells (Langherans cells), which trigger immune responses. Keratinocytes are bound together by desmosomes. Tonofibrils (protein filaments) connect to these desmosomes to strengthen and support cell junctions.

In this layer of the epidermis, a lipid-rich substance is released, forming a water-resistant layer that protects the epidermis but cuts off nutrient diffusion to superficial cells. Excess synthesis produces calluses. Keratinocytes produce large quantities of keratin and keratohyalin.

This layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin of palms and soles.

This layer of the epidermis consists of a superficial layer composed of interlocking, dehydrated, dead cells. It is water-resistant, but not waterproof. Loses 500mL of water daily via insensible perspiration. It takes 15-30 days for a cell to move from the base layer to the top.

Describe thick skin.

Thin skin

What is the function of dermal ridges?

What are dermal papillae?

What factors can affect skin color?

Reduction in blood flow results in a _____ color. Sustained reduction in blood flow results in _________.

Derived from carrots, corn, and squash. It can be converted to vitamin A. Vitamin A is needed for the synthesis of visual pigments in the photoreceptors of the eyes.

Produced and stored in melanosomes within melanocytes. Creates natural skin color and tan. Protects the underlying tissues against UV radiation.

Melanosomes are transferred to ___________, where they are eventually destroyed by _______.

What can repeated exposure to UV light cause?

Describe melanocyte activity.

Describe Vitamin D formation.

What two layers does the dermis consist of?

What does the papillary layer consist of?

What does the papillary layer do?

What does the reticular layer consist of?

In the dermis, the interwoven _____ _____ provide tensile strength.

The _____ _____ in the dermis allow the skin to stretch and recoil.

What are skin wrinkles caused by?

The skin does not _____.

_______ and _____ _____ have a tendency to organize themselves in a parallel pattern.

What are some other components of the dermis?

Arteries and veins form the _______ ______.

Smaller blood vessels form the ______ ______.

What is thermoregulation?

How do nerves function in the skin?

What are tactile discs?

What are ruffini corpuscles ?

What are lamellated corpuscles?

What are the accessory structures to the skin?

Hair follicles are found everywhere except where?

The hair consists of what?

This is formed from soft keratin.

This is formed from hard keratin.

What are the functions of hair?

Unpigmented hair that develops after three months of embryonic dvelopment.

Covers most of the body.

Covers the head, comprises the eyebrows, and eyelashes

Hair color is due to what?

Hair color is also influenced by what?

More melanin creates ______ hair.

Decreased production results in ______ hair.

Lack of melanin and the presence of air bubbles in the hair shaft results in ______ hair.

Describe the active and resting stage of hair growth.

Male and female pattern baldness is known as ________ ________, resulting from an excessive response to ______.

In the skin there are _____ glands and _____ glands.

What are the types of sweat glands?

How do glands function?

Discuss the sebaceous glands.

What happens if ducts become blocked?

_______ _______ are large sebaceous glands.

Discuss apocrine glands.

Both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands are squeezed by ________ _____ to discharge secretions.

What is the location and the functions of eccrine sweat glands?

What do mammary glands do?

What do ceruminous glands do?

Nail body covers the ____ ____.

Nail production occurs at the _____ ___.

Where is the nail root located?

Lateral edges form the ____ ____ ____ and lateral nail folds.

Cuticle

thickened stratum corneum under the free edge of the nail

pale crescent on the nail

Yellowing of the nails can be associated with what kind of health issues?

Pitting of nails is associated with what health condition?

Concave of nails is associated with what health condition?

A supporting connective tissue.

What does the matrix of bone consist of?

  How much does calcium make up of bone mass?

Discuss collagen fibers.

How much do bone cells contribute to bone mass?

What are mature bone cells that maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix?

Where are osteocytes housed?

Osteocytes cause release of ______ ____ from bone to blood.

Matrix layer associated with osteocytes is ______.

Small channels extending from the osteocytes to the bone capillaries are called ________, which allow for nutrient and waste diffusion through gap junctions.

  What are immature bone cells that are found in a single layer on the inner and outer surfaces of bone?

Osteoblasts produce ______, which is involved in making the matrix.

  Osteoblasts are involved in the making of new bone. This is a process called _________.

  These are bone stem cells found on the innermost layer of the periosteum and the inner lining of the endosteum. They are heavily involved in the repair of bones after a break. They differentiate to form new osteoblasts; produce osteoid, the unmineralized organic matrix, before it is calcified.

Multinucleated cells that secrete acids via exocytosis of lysosomes which dissolve the bones thereby causing the release of stored calcium ions and phosphate ions into the blood. This process is called osteolysis. May also be involved in immune system activation.

Describe compact bone.

Describe spongy bone.

Medullary cavity consists of ____ ______.

What is the structure of compact bone?

    What is the structure of spongy bone?

What is the function of compact bone?

What is the function of spongy bone?

  Where is yellow marrow?

Where is red marrow?

The ends of the long bones. Consists of spongy bone containing red bone marrow.

The shaft of the long bones. the medullary cavity of the diaphysis consists of yellow marrow. If the shaft breaks a fracture will occur.

Narrow growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

The outer surface of the bone. It consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer containing progenitor cells.

What does the periosteum do?

The inner surface of bone. It is an incomplete layer, often only one cell thick, and lines the medullary cavity, trabeculae, and central canals. It consists of osteoprogenitor cells. Actively involved in repair and growth.

Small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull laong the sutures.

bones that are hollow or contain numerous air pockets such as the ethmoid bone

boxlike in appearance, external surfaces are covered by compact bone, interior contains spongy bone, carpals and tarsals

complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. vertebrae and vertebral column

thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone. Resembles a spongy bone sandwich. make up the roof of the skull.

relatively long and slender. have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity. humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

small, round, and flat. develop inside tendons and are most often found near the joints at the knee, hands, and feet