AP Psychology Brain & Bio

S- fight or flight

P- rest and digest or peace

send and receive messages throughout our bodies using electric signals

support and protect neurons

"feed" and clean up after neurons

create myelin- protective covering for neurons

Immune system damages myelin

Symptoms- feeling exhausted all over, trouble with balance and coordination, tingling and prickling sensation, difficulty with concentration or memory

Problems with signals sent between nerve and muscles

Symptoms- voluntary muscles feel weak and tired easily, especially affects muscles controlling eyes, mouth, throat, and limbs, difficulty swallowing and speaking

Send sensory info to CNS

Send info from CNS to muscles and glands

send info between sensory and motor neurons, mostly in CNS

The neuron fires, sending the message down the axon to the axon terminal

The neuron either fires or doesn't

time in which it takes neuron to repolarise

cannot fire again until repolarisation happens

Mimic neurotransmitter- will stimulate receptor site

Morphine and endorphins

Block neurotransmitter's receptor sites- inhibits neuron's firing because it won;t stimulate neuron

Botox and acetylcholine

Chemical messengers of the nervous system

-released by neurons to pass messages along

-quick acting

chemical messengers of the endocrine system

• released by glands into the bloodstream

• long lasting

Heart rate and breathing

sleep and dreams

balance and coordination; memory, nonverbal learning

awakeness and alertness

relays sensory info to cortical areas (except smell)

receive and process sense of smell

emotions fear and aggression

new memories

drives and body maintenance

making plans, judgements, personality, speaking and movements

processes body sensations; visual and spatial reasonings

controls sight

controls hearing

Speech production

language comprehension

the brain's ability to change, especially in childhood

• reorganization after damage

• building new pathways based on experience

-Measures electrical activity in the brain

• Helpful in sleep studies

lightest stage of sleep

• Hypnagogic sensations- false perceptions that occur between wakefulness and sleep

Sleep talking

deepest stage of sleep

• sleep walking (somnambulism)

• bed wetting

• night terrors

• growing

1-2-3-2-1 REM

90 min/cycle

4-5 cycles a night

Time in REM increases in NREM 1-3 decreases over the course of the night

rapid eye movement

• AKA paradoxical sleep

• Body paralysis sets in

• Dreaming occurs

• Increases as the night goes on

• BUT… high-frequency brain waves, increased pulse and breathing - EEG similar to wakefulness

• increase in frequency, depth, & intensity of REM sleep

• Natural response to sleep deprivation or stress

• biological changes 

occurring on a 24-hour cycle

Activation Synthesis

• The brain attempts to make sense of random neuron firing

  Consolidation

• Sleep is useful for organizing and solidifying memories or restoring depleted resources used throughout the day

trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting good quality sleep

 difficulty regulating sleep/wake cycles

• Characterized by random sleep attacks (falling asleep suddenly and without warning)

breathing repeatedly becomes shallow or stops during sleep

physically and vocally act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams during REM sleep

chemical secreted at terminal button that causes the neuron on the other side of the synapse to generate an action potential

chemical secreted at terminal button that reduces or prevents neural impulses in the postsynaptic neuron

Voluntary movement and muscle contraction

learning

memory

sleep

Excess- maybe linked to depression

Deficit- Dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Movement, attention and alertness , REWARDS

Excess- Schizophernia

Deficit- Parkinson's disease tremors and muscular rigidity)

Inhibits excitation and anxiety (calm)

Excess- impairs leaning, motivation and movement

Deficit- anxiety disorders, seizures, insomnia

Pain relief

Deficit- may be involved in addiction

mood regulation, hunger, sleep

Excess-

Deficit- depression and some anxiety disorders OCD

Fight or flight, alertness , arousal

Excess- high blood pressure

Deficit- depression

memory, cognition, mood regulation

Excess- brain cell damage, death

Deficit- difficulty concentrating, insomnia, low energy, ADHD, high anxiety

Nociception (pain)

Inflammation

Excess- major depression and related disorders

Deficit- reduces pain sensitivity and mechanical stability of the bone in general

Stimulates hunger; signals to the brain that the body needs food

Suppresses appetite; signals fullness to the brain

Promotes bonding, trust, and emotional connections; also involved in childbirth and breastfeeding

Regulates sleep wake cycles; makes u sleepy

Triggers the fight or flight, increases heart rate , blood flow, and energy