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Appendicular Skeleton - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • What bones comprise the pectoral girdle?
    The pectoral girdle is made up of the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade).
  • What is the only bony attachment of the upper extremity to the axial skeleton?
    The sternoclavicular joint is the only bony connection anchoring the upper extremity to the axial skeleton.
  • How can you differentiate the sternal end from the acromial end of the clavicle?
    The sternal end is thicker and chunkier, articulating with the sternum, while the acromial end is flatter and articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
  • What is the shape of the scapula and how many angles does it have?
    The scapula is a triangular-shaped bone with three angles: superior, lateral, and inferior.
  • What landmark on the scapula can be palpated on the posterior side?
    The spine of the scapula is a ridge of bone on the posterior aspect that can be felt through the skin.
  • What is the glenoid cavity and its function?
    The glenoid cavity is a shallow depression on the lateral angle of the scapula where the head of the humerus articulates to form the shoulder joint.
  • Name the three fossae of the scapula and their locations.
    The scapula has the supraspinous fossa (above the spine), infraspinous fossa (below the spine), and subscapular fossa (anterior smooth surface).
  • Why is the scapula considered 'free floating'?
    Because it is not directly attached to the ribs or axial skeleton except at the sternoclavicular joint, allowing it to move freely during arm motion.
  • What is a separated shoulder injury?
    A separated shoulder occurs when the clavicle separates from the acromion at the acromioclavicular joint, often causing the clavicle to appear elevated.
  • What are the major landmarks on the proximal humerus?
    The proximal humerus has the head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove), anatomical neck, and surgical neck.
  • Why is the surgical neck of the humerus clinically important?
    It is the narrowest and weakest part of the humerus and is the most common site for fractures requiring surgical repair.
  • What is the radial groove on the humerus?
    A groove on the posterior humerus where the radial nerve runs.
  • Name the distal humerus landmarks involved in the elbow joint.
    The medial and lateral epicondyles, capitulum (articulates with radius), and trochlea (articulates with ulna).
  • What is the olecranon process and its function?
    A large, pointed bony projection on the ulna that forms the tip of the elbow and fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus during elbow extension.
  • How is the upper limb divided regionally?
    Into four regions: shoulder, arm (between shoulder and elbow), forearm, and hand.
  • What bones make up the forearm and how are they positioned?
    The radius (lateral, thumb side) and ulna (medial, pinky side) lie parallel in anatomical position.
  • What is the interosseous membrane and its role?
    A dense connective tissue between the radius and ulna that holds the bones together and assists in pronation and supination.
  • Name the carpal bones of the wrist using the mnemonic.
    Proximal row (lateral to medial): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform. Distal row (lateral to medial): Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate. Mnemonic: 'Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle.'
  • How are the metacarpals and phalanges named?
    Metacarpals and phalanges are numbered 1 to 5 starting at the thumb (1). Phalanges have proximal, middle, and distal segments except the thumb, which lacks a middle phalanx.
  • What bones form the pelvic girdle?
    The pelvic girdle is formed by two os coxae (hip bones), each made of fused ilium, ischium, and pubis bones.
  • What is the sacroiliac joint?
    The joint where the ilium of the pelvic girdle articulates with the sacrum, connecting the lower extremity to the axial skeleton.
  • Name important landmarks on the ilium.
    The iliac crest (top ridge), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), and posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).
  • What is the acetabulum and its function?
    A deep socket formed by the fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
  • What are the ischial tuberosities?
    Large bony prominences on the ischium known as the 'sit bones' that bear weight when sitting.
  • What bones make up the lower limb regions?
    The lower limb is divided into the hip/pelvis, thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), and foot.
  • What are the major landmarks of the femur?
    The head (articulates with acetabulum), neck, greater and lesser trochanters, medial and lateral condyles, and medial and lateral epicondyles.
  • What is the patella and its function?
    The patella is a sesamoid bone that protects the knee and increases the lever arm of the quadriceps tendon to enhance force production.
  • How can you distinguish the tibia and fibula in the leg?
    The tibia is medial and weight-bearing; the fibula is lateral and non-weight-bearing.
  • What are the medial and lateral malleoli?
    Bony prominences on the distal ends of the tibia (medial malleolus) and fibula (lateral malleolus) that form the ankle's bony sides.
  • What bones make up the ankle and foot?
    The ankle has tarsal bones (7), the foot has metatarsals, and the toes have phalanges named similarly to the hand bones.
  • Name the major tarsal bones.
    The major tarsals include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral), and the cuboid.