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Autonomic Nervous System Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is the autonomic nervous system?
    The autonomic nervous system is the involuntary or general visceral motor system controlling internal organs and glands.
  • What neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons?
    Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter.
  • What neurotransmitters are associated with adrenergic neurons?
    Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (EPI) as neurotransmitters.
  • What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the autonomic nervous system?
    The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine into the bloodstream during sympathetic activation.
  • Define dual innervation.
    Dual innervation means an organ receives nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
  • What are effectors in the autonomic nervous system?
    Effectors are muscles or glands that respond to autonomic nerve signals.
  • What is a ganglion in the autonomic nervous system?
    A ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.
  • What type of receptor binds acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?
    The nicotinic receptor binds acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and autonomic ganglia.
  • What receptor type mediates parasympathetic effects on target organs?
    The muscarinic receptor mediates parasympathetic effects on target organs.
  • What are alpha receptors?
    Alpha receptors are adrenergic receptors that generally cause excitatory responses to norepinephrine.
  • What are beta receptors?
    Beta receptors are adrenergic receptors that can cause excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the subtype.
  • What is the parasympathetic division?
    The parasympathetic division promotes rest-and-digest activities, conserving energy and maintaining homeostasis.
  • What is the general function of adrenergic nerve fibers?
    Adrenergic nerve fibers release norepinephrine to stimulate sympathetic responses.
  • What is the general function of cholinergic nerve fibers?
    Cholinergic nerve fibers release acetylcholine to stimulate parasympathetic or sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
  • How does norepinephrine affect target organs?
    Norepinephrine binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to modulate sympathetic responses.
  • What is the difference between nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?
    Nicotinic receptors are ion channels at ganglia and neuromuscular junctions; muscarinic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors on target organs.
  • What is the role of neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?
    Neurotransmitters transmit signals from neurons to effectors, regulating organ function.
  • What is the significance of ganglia in autonomic pathways?
    Ganglia serve as relay points where preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons.
  • How does epinephrine differ from norepinephrine in autonomic function?
    Epinephrine is mainly released by the adrenal medulla into the blood, amplifying sympathetic effects; norepinephrine acts locally as a neurotransmitter.
  • What is the general effect of alpha receptor activation?
    Alpha receptor activation typically causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.