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Axial Muscles of the Body - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Muscles of facial expression
    Thin muscles in the face and scalp that often insert into skin, innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).
  • Epicranius muscle
    Has frontal belly that raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead, and occipital belly at the back of the head.
  • Orbicularis oculi action
    Closes the eyelids during blinking.
  • Zygomaticus major function
    Extends from the zygomatic region to the mouth and produces a smile.
  • Buccinator muscle role
    Forms the muscular wall of the cheek and compresses the cheek during chewing.
  • Innervation of muscles of mastication
    Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).
  • Masseter muscle function
    Prime mover of jaw closure, located over the lateral ramus of the mandible.
  • Extrinsic tongue muscles innervation
    Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) and move the tongue in various directions.
  • Suprahyoid muscles
    Located superior to the hyoid bone; include mylohyoid, stylohyoid, and digastric muscles.
  • Infrahyoid muscles
    Located inferior to or associated with the hyoid and laryngeal cartilages; include sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid.
  • Sternocleidomastoid muscle action
    Flexes the head and neck and divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles.
  • Erector spinae muscle group
    Largest deep back muscle group with three columns: iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis, responsible for trunk extension.
  • Diaphragm function
    Primary muscle of respiration; contraction flattens it to increase thoracic cavity volume.
  • External intercostals action
    Lift the rib cage during inspiration (breathing in).
  • Internal intercostals action
    Assist expiration during heavy breathing by depressing the rib cage.
  • Layers of the abdominal wall muscles
    From superficial to deep: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis.
  • Linea alba
    Midline fibrous seam formed by interlacing abdominal aponeuroses; insertion site for rectus abdominis.
  • Pelvic diaphragm composition
    Consists of levator ani (iliococcygeus, puborectalis, pubococcygeus) and coccygeus muscles; supports pelvic organs.
  • Urogenital diaphragm muscles
    Includes sphincter urethrae (external urethral sphincter) and deep transverse perineus muscles.
  • Superficial perineal muscles
    Include ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, and superficial transverse perineus muscles.
  • Pectoralis major muscle
    Large superficial muscle covering the upper anterior thorax involved in scapular movement.
  • Pectoralis minor muscle
    Smaller, deep muscle beneath pectoralis major, exposed when pectoralis major is removed.
  • Serratus anterior muscle
    Saw-toothed muscle slips along the lateral ribs, involved in scapular movement.
  • Distinction between facial expression and mastication muscles
    Facial expression muscles insert into skin and use CN VII; mastication muscles use mandibular division of CN V.
  • Difference between buccinator and masseter
    Buccinator compresses the cheek; masseter closes the jaw.
  • Omohyoid muscle bellies
    Has superior and inferior bellies, part of the infrahyoid muscle group.
  • Digastric muscle bellies
    Has anterior and posterior bellies, part of the suprahyoid muscle group.
  • Central tendon of the diaphragm
    Nonmuscular central region where diaphragm muscle fibers converge.