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Axial Skeleton Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?
    The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton with 80 bones (skull, vertebral column, thorax) and the appendicular skeleton with 126 bones (limbs and girdles).
  • How many cranial bones form the skull and what is their function?
    There are 8 cranial bones that form the cranial cavity and protect the brain.
  • What is the role of the facial bones in the skull?
    The 14 facial bones form the face, support entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems, and protect special sense organs.
  • Name the major sutures of the skull.
    The major sutures are the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures, which are immovable joints between skull bones.
  • What are the key features of the temporal bone?
    The temporal bone forms the lateral sides and base of the cranium, with features like the external auditory meatus, zygomatic process, and styloid process.
  • What important structures are found on the occipital bone?
    The occipital bone has the external occipital protuberance, foramen magnum for spinal cord passage, and occipital condyles that articulate with the atlas.
  • Describe the sphenoid bone and its notable features.
    The sphenoid is butterfly-shaped, articulates with all cranial bones, and contains the sella turcica (houses pituitary gland) and superior orbital fissure.
  • What are the key parts of the ethmoid bone?
    The ethmoid forms parts of the anterior cranial base, nasal septum, and lateral nasal walls, with features like the crista galli and superior and middle nasal conchae.
  • What is unique about the mandible among facial bones?
    The mandible is the largest, strongest facial bone and the only movable skull bone, with features like the condylar process and mental foramen.
  • What bones contribute to the nasal septum?
    The nasal septum is formed by bone and cartilage, including the vomer (inferior portion) and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.
  • What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
    Paranasal sinuses lighten the skull, act as resonating chambers for speech, and are lined with mucous membranes that drain into the nasal cavity.
  • What is the hyoid bone and its significance?
    The hyoid bone does not articulate with other bones, supports the tongue, and serves as an attachment site for muscles of the tongue, neck, and pharynx.
  • What are fontanels in the fetal skull and their functions?
    Fontanels are unossified mesenchymal tissue that allow skull shape modification during birth and rapid brain growth during infancy.
  • What are the main functions of the vertebral column?
    The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and serves as attachment points for ribs, pelvic girdle, muscles, and ligaments.
  • Name the five regions of the vertebral column and the total number of bones.
    The vertebral column has 26 bones divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.
  • What are common abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column?
    Abnormal curvatures include scoliosis (lateral bending), hyperkyphosis (increased thoracic curve), and hyperlordosis (increased lumbar or cervical curve).
  • What are the key parts of a vertebra?
    A vertebra consists of the body (weight bearing), vertebral arch and foramen (surround spinal cord), spinous and transverse processes (muscle attachment), and intervertebral foramen.
  • What distinguishes cervical vertebrae from others?
    Cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina, C1 (atlas) has large lateral masses, C2 (axis) has a dens, and C7 is the vertebral prominens.
  • What features characterize thoracic vertebrae?
    Thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs via costal facets and have long, flattened spinous processes directed inferiorly.
  • What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?
    Lumbar vertebrae are the largest and strongest, with prominent bodies and short, blunt spinous processes directed posteriorly.
  • What is a herniated disc and its effect?
    A herniated disc occurs when the inner portion pushes through a weak spot in the outer portion, potentially pinching nearby nerves.
  • What is the sacrum and its function?
    The sacrum is a fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae forming the foundation for the pelvic girdle, with sacral foramina allowing nerve and vessel passage.
  • What is the coccyx?
    The coccyx, or tailbone, is formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
  • What bones form the thoracic cage?
    The thoracic cage is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae, protecting internal organs and supporting the pectoral girdle.
  • What are the parts of the sternum?
    The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process, and articulates with true ribs.
  • How are ribs classified and how many pairs are there?
    There are 12 pairs of ribs: pairs 1-7 are true ribs (directly attach to sternum), 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs (attach via cartilage), and 11-12 are floating ribs (no sternal attachment).
  • What occupies the intercostal spaces between ribs?
    Intercostal spaces are occupied by muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.