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Basic Chemistry and Biochemistry for Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (33)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be seen, smelled, or felt.

  • What are the three states of matter?

    Solid (definite shape and volume), Liquid (changeable shape, definite volume), Gas (changeable shape and volume).

  • Define energy in biological context.

    Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion; it has no mass or volume.

  • Difference between kinetic and potential energy?

    Kinetic energy is energy in action; Potential energy is stored, inactive energy.

  • Name four forms of energy relevant to physiology.

    Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, and Radiant (electromagnetic) energy.

  • What are elements and atoms?

    Elements are substances that cannot be broken down chemically; atoms are smallest units of elements with their properties.

  • Which four elements make up 96% of the human body?

    Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%).

  • What subatomic particles compose an atom?

    Protons (+ charge), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (- charge).

  • Define atomic number and mass number.

    Atomic number = number of protons; Mass number = protons + neutrons in nucleus.

  • What are isotopes?

    Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  • Difference between molecule and compound?

    Molecule: two or more atoms bonded; Compound: molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms.

  • What are the three types of mixtures?

    Solutions (homogeneous), Colloids (heterogeneous, cloudy), Suspensions (heterogeneous, particles settle out).

  • What is the octet rule in chemistry?

    Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have 8 electrons in their valence shell for stability.

  • Describe ionic bonds.

    Formed by transfer of valence electrons creating charged ions (cations and anions) attracted to each other.

  • Describe covalent bonds and their types.

    Formed by sharing valence electrons; types include nonpolar (equal sharing) and polar (unequal sharing) covalent bonds.

  • What are hydrogen bonds?

    Weak attractions between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and electronegative atom of another, important in water properties.

  • What are synthesis and decomposition reactions?

    Synthesis: smaller molecules combine to form larger ones; Decomposition: larger molecules break down into smaller ones.

  • Define exergonic and endergonic reactions.

    Exergonic release energy (catabolic); Endergonic absorb energy (anabolic).

  • What factors affect the rate of chemical reactions?

    Temperature, concentration/pressure, particle size, and catalysts (enzymes).

  • Why is water important in physiology?

    Water has high heat capacity, solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning; it makes up 60-80% of cells.

  • What are acids and bases in terms of proton exchange?

    Acids donate H+ ions; bases accept H+ ions and release OH- ions in solution.

  • What does the pH scale measure?

    Concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]; acidic (0-6.99), neutral (7), alkaline/basic (7.01-14).

  • What defines organic compounds?

    Contain carbon, usually large, covalently bonded; include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

  • What are the main classes of carbohydrates?

    Monosaccharides (single sugars), Disaccharides (two sugars), Polysaccharides (many sugars).

  • What are triglycerides and their functions?

    Fats/oils composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; function in energy storage, insulation, and protection.

  • Describe phospholipids and their role.

    Modified triglycerides with polar head (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (hydrophobic); key in cell membrane structure.

  • What are proteins made of and their structural levels?

    Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; structures: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

  • Difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

    Fibrous: structural, stable, insoluble; Globular: functional, soluble, sensitive to environment.

  • What is denaturation of proteins?

    Loss of 3D shape and function due to pH or temperature changes, mainly affects globular proteins.

  • What are enzymes and their function?

    Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, lowering activation energy to speed up reactions.

  • What are nucleic acids and their monomers?

    DNA and RNA composed of nucleotides (nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group).

  • Key differences between DNA and RNA?

    DNA: double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, bases A,T,G,C, in nucleus; RNA: single-stranded, ribose sugar, bases A,U,G,C, mostly outside nucleus.

  • What is ATP and its role?

    Adenosine triphosphate stores and provides immediate energy for cellular reactions.