뒤로Basic Chemistry for Anatomy & Physiology
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이 집합의 용어 (30)
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be seen, smelled, or felt.
Solid (definite shape and volume), Liquid (changeable shape, definite volume), Gas (changeable shape and volume).
Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion; it has no mass or volume.
Kinetic energy is energy in action; potential energy is stored, inactive energy.
Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, and Radiant (electromagnetic) energy.
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down chemically. Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up 96% of the body.
Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (neutral), and Electrons (negative charge).
Atomic number = number of protons; Mass number = protons + neutrons in nucleus.
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
A molecule is two or more atoms bonded; a compound is a molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms.
Solutions (homogeneous), Colloids (heterogeneous, cloudy), Suspensions (heterogeneous, particles settle out).
Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have 8 electrons in their valence shell for stability.
Formed by transfer of valence electrons creating charged ions (cations and anions) attracted to each other.
Formed by sharing valence electrons; can be nonpolar (equal sharing) or polar (unequal sharing).
Weak attractions between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and electronegative atom of another, important in water and DNA structure.
Synthesis: smaller molecules combine to form larger ones (anabolic). Decomposition: larger molecules break down into smaller ones (catabolic).
Temperature, concentration of reactants, particle size, and presence of catalysts (enzymes).
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts by lowering activation energy and speeding up reactions without being consumed.
Most abundant inorganic compound; high heat capacity, solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning for organs.
Acids donate H+ ions; bases accept H+ ions and release OH– ions in solution.
Measures hydrogen ion concentration: acidic (pH 0–6.99), neutral (pH 7), alkaline/basic (pH 7.01–14).
Organic molecules of C, H, O; classes include monosaccharides (single sugars), disaccharides (two sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars).
Fats composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; saturated (single bonds, solid) and unsaturated (double bonds, liquid).
Modified triglycerides with polar heads (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (hydrophobic); key components of cell membranes.
Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; structures: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Fibrous: structural, stable, insoluble; Globular: functional, soluble, sensitive to environment.
Loss of protein's 3D shape and function due to pH or temperature changes.
DNA and RNA composed of nucleotides (nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group).
DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose and thymine; RNA is single-stranded with ribose and uracil.
Adenosine triphosphate stores and provides immediate energy for cellular reactions.