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Blood Composition and Blood Typing in Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What are the main components of whole blood?
    Plasma (46–63%) and formed elements (37–54%), which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • What is the composition of plasma?
    Plasma is about 92% water, 7% plasma proteins, and 1% other solutes.
  • What percentage of whole blood do red blood cells (RBCs) make up?
    Red blood cells make up approximately 99.9% of the formed elements in blood.
  • Describe the shape and size of a mature red blood cell.
    RBCs are biconcave discs about 7.2–8.4 µm in diameter, 2.31–2.85 µm wide, and 0.45–1.16 µm thick.
  • Why do RBCs appear two-dimensional in a blood smear?
    Because they are flattened against the surface of the slide, making them appear as thin, two-dimensional objects.
  • Name the five types of white blood cells (WBCs).
    Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
  • Which WBCs are classified as granular leukocytes?
    Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
  • Which WBCs are classified as agranular leukocytes?
    Monocytes and lymphocytes.
  • What is the typical percentage range of neutrophils in blood?
    Neutrophils typically make up 50–70% of white blood cells.
  • What is the function of platelets in blood?
    Platelets are involved in blood clotting and help prevent bleeding.
  • What determines a person's blood type?
    The presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) A and B on red blood cells.
  • What antibodies are present in the plasma of Type A blood?
    Anti-B antibodies, which attack Type B surface antigens.
  • What antibodies are present in the plasma of Type B blood?
    Anti-A antibodies, which attack Type A surface antigens.
  • What antibodies are present in the plasma of Type AB blood?
    Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies are present.
  • What antibodies are present in the plasma of Type O blood?
    Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present.
  • What is the Rh factor in blood typing?
    A surface antigen (D antigen) that can be either present (+) or absent (–), affecting blood compatibility.
  • How is hemoglobin concentration in blood measured?
    Using a hemoglobinometer, which compares color density of a hemolyzed blood sample to a standard scale.
  • What is the significance of blood typing and cross-reactions?
    To ensure compatibility for blood transfusions and prevent immune reactions against foreign antigens.
  • What is the typical size range of platelets?
    Platelets are less than 0.1% of formed elements and are much smaller than red blood cells, typically 2–4 µm in diameter.
  • What is the role of white blood cells in blood?
    White blood cells defend the body against infection and remove debris.