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Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Factors determining body water content

    Age, sex, and body fat content. Age: water content decreases with age. Sex: males have more water due to muscle mass. Body fat: fat is low in water, reducing total body water.

  • Fluid compartments of the body

    Two main compartments: Intracellular fluid (ICF) (~2/3 of body water) and Extracellular fluid (ECF) (~1/3), which includes plasma and interstitial fluid.

  • Relative solute composition of ICF vs ECF

    ICF high in potassium (K+) and phosphate ions; ECF high in sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-).

  • Osmotic effects of electrolytes vs nonelectrolytes

    Electrolytes dissociate into ions and exert strong osmotic pressure. Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate and have less osmotic effect.

  • Factors determining fluid shifts between compartments

    Osmotic gradients, hydrostatic pressure, and membrane permeability control water movement between ICF and ECF.

  • Routes of water entry into the body

    Primarily through ingestion of liquids and food, and metabolic water produced by cellular respiration.

  • Routes of water loss from the body

    Urine, feces, sweat, and insensible loss via skin and lungs.

  • Feedback mechanisms regulating water intake

    Thirst mechanism triggered by increased plasma osmolarity or decreased blood volume stimulates water intake.

  • Hormonal controls of water output in urine

    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume.

  • Obligatory water losses

    Minimum water loss required to eliminate wastes, including urine, feces, and insensible losses.

  • Causes of dehydration

    Excessive water loss from sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, or inadequate intake.

  • Consequences of dehydration

    Decreased blood volume, increased osmolarity, and impaired cellular function.

  • Hypotonic hydration

    Excess water dilutes ECF, lowering osmolarity and causing cells to swell.

  • Routes of electrolyte entry

    Primarily through diet and some metabolic processes.

  • Routes of electrolyte loss

    Urine, sweat, feces, and sometimes vomiting.

  • Importance of sodium in fluid balance

    Sodium is the main cation in ECF and controls ECF volume and osmolarity.

  • Mechanisms regulating sodium balance

    Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and ADH regulate sodium and blood volume.

  • Potassium balance regulation

    Kidneys adjust potassium secretion; aldosterone increases potassium excretion.

  • Calcium balance regulation

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.

  • Anion balance regulation

    Chloride and bicarbonate levels are regulated to maintain electrical neutrality and acid-base balance.

  • Kidney regulation of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

    Kidneys secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3- to maintain blood pH.

  • Acidosis vs alkalosis

    Acidosis: blood pH below 7.35; Alkalosis: blood pH above 7.45. Both can be respiratory or metabolic in origin.

  • Respiratory compensation in acid-base balance

    Adjusts CO2 levels by changing breathing rate to correct pH imbalances.

  • Renal compensation in acid-base balance

    Kidneys adjust H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption to restore pH balance.