Skip to main content
뒤로

Bone Structure and Function - Anatomy & Physiology

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/29

이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?

    Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, and Fibrocartilage.

  • What is the main characteristic of hyaline cartilage?

    Most abundant skeletal cartilage; provides support, flexibility, and resilience with fine collagen fibers.

  • Where is elastic cartilage found and what is its function?

    Found in the external ear and epiglottis; contains stretchy elastic fibers for bending.

  • What distinguishes fibrocartilage from other cartilage types?

    Contains thick collagen fibers, great tensile strength, compressible; found in meniscus and intervertebral discs.

  • How many bones are in the human skeleton and how are they divided?

    206 bones total; divided into axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones).

  • Name the five classifications of bones by shape.

    Long, short, sesamoid, flat, and irregular bones.

  • List five main functions of bones.

    Support, protection, movement/leverage, mineral storage, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

  • What are bone markings and their purposes?

    Bulges, depressions, and holes on bones that serve as muscle/ligament attachment sites, joint surfaces, or conduits for vessels and nerves.

  • Differentiate between compact and spongy bone textures.

    Compact bone is dense and smooth; spongy bone has a honeycomb structure with trabeculae and marrow-filled spaces.

  • What are the main parts of a long bone?

    Diaphysis (shaft), medullary cavity (marrow), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth plate), periosteum, and endosteum.

  • What is the periosteum and its layers?

    Double-layered fibrous covering of bone; outer dense irregular connective tissue, inner osteogenic layer with osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

  • Describe the structure of flat, short, and irregular bones.

    Covered by periosteum and endosteum; spongy bone called diploë in flat bones; marrow between trabeculae.

  • Where is hematopoietic (red) marrow found and what is its function?

    In trabecular cavities of spongy bone in flat and irregular bones; produces red and white blood cells and platelets.

  • What is an osteon (Haversian system)?

    Structural unit of compact bone; concentric lamellae of bone matrix surrounding a central canal with blood vessels and nerves.

  • What are canaliculi and their function?

    Small channels connecting osteocytes in lacunae to central canal for nutrient and oxygen exchange.

  • What is the chemical composition of bone?

    Organic components: cells and collagen fibers; Inorganic components: mineral salts (mainly calcium phosphate) providing hardness.

  • What are the two types of ossification?

    Intramembranous ossification (from fibrous membrane) and endochondral ossification (replacing hyaline cartilage).

  • Describe intramembranous ossification.

    Mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts, secrete osteoid, which calcifies to form woven bone and then lamellar bone.

  • Describe endochondral ossification.

    Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; involves formation of bone collar, calcification, cavity formation, and ossification centers.

  • What are the two types of postnatal bone growth?

    Interstitial growth increases bone length; appositional growth increases bone thickness and remodeling.

  • What are the four zones of the epiphyseal plate during bone lengthening?

    Proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, and ossification zones.

  • How is blood calcium level regulated hormonally?

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood Ca2+ by stimulating osteoclasts; calcitonin lowers blood Ca2+ by promoting osteoblast activity.

  • What is Wolff's law regarding bone?

    Bones adapt to mechanical stress by becoming thicker and stronger in areas of high stress.

  • Classify bone fractures by position, completeness, orientation, and skin penetration.

    Position: nondisplaced/displaced; completeness: complete/incomplete; orientation: linear/transverse/oblique; skin: compound (open)/simple (closed).

  • What are the four stages of bone fracture healing?

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • What is osteoporosis and its risk factors?

    Loss of bone mass where resorption outpaces deposit; risk factors include estrogen deficiency, low calcium/vitamin D, immobility, and small frame.

  • What is achondroplasia?

    Abnormal epiphyseal activity causing short, stocky limbs due to early replacement of growth plates by bone.

  • What is Paget's disease?

    Excessive, disorganized bone growth with high spongy to compact bone ratio; cause unknown, treated with calcitonin.

  • How does bone mass change with age?

    Bone formation exceeds resorption in youth; balanced in young adults; resorption predominates with age leading to bone loss.