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Bone Structure and Function - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?

    Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, and Fibrocartilage.

  • What is the main characteristic of hyaline cartilage?

    Most abundant skeletal cartilage; provides support, flexibility, and resilience with fine collagen fibers.

  • Where is elastic cartilage found and what is its function?

    Found in the external ear and epiglottis; contains stretchy elastic fibers for bending.

  • What distinguishes fibrocartilage from other cartilage types?

    Contains thick collagen fibers, great tensile strength, compressible; found in meniscus and intervertebral discs.

  • How many bones are in the human skeleton and how are they divided?

    206 bones total; divided into axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones).

  • Name the five classifications of bones by shape.

    Long, short, sesamoid, flat, and irregular bones.

  • List five major functions of bones.

    Support, protection, movement/leverage, mineral storage, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

  • What are bone markings and their purposes?

    Bulges, depressions, and holes on bones that serve as muscle/ligament attachment sites, joint surfaces, or conduits for vessels and nerves.

  • Differentiate between compact and spongy bone.

    Compact bone is dense and smooth outer layer; spongy bone is porous with trabeculae inside, containing marrow.

  • What are the main parts of a long bone?

    Diaphysis (shaft), medullary cavity, epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth plate), periosteum, and endosteum.

  • What is the periosteum and its layers?

    Double-layered membrane covering bone; outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and stem cells.

  • Describe the structure of flat, short, and irregular bones.

    Covered by periosteum and endosteum; spongy bone called diploë in flat bones; marrow between trabeculae.

  • Where is hematopoietic (red) marrow found and what is its function?

    In trabecular cavities of spongy bone in flat and irregular bones; produces red and white blood cells and platelets.

  • What is an osteon (Haversian system)?

    Structural unit of compact bone; concentric lamellae of bone matrix surrounding a central canal with vessels and nerves.

  • What are canaliculi and their function?

    Small channels connecting osteocytes in lacunae to central canal for nutrient and oxygen exchange.

  • What is the chemical composition of bone?

    Organic components: cells and collagen fibers; Inorganic: 65% mineral salts (mainly calcium phosphate) for hardness.

  • Define intramembranous ossification.

    Bone develops directly from fibrous membrane; forms flat bones like clavicles and cranial bones.

  • Define endochondral ossification.

    Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most of the skeleton; requires cartilage breakdown first.

  • What are the two types of postnatal bone growth?

    Interstitial growth (lengthening of long bones) and appositional growth (thickening and remodeling).

  • What hormones regulate bone growth at the epiphyseal plate?

    Growth hormone stimulates activity; thyroid hormone controls metabolism; sex hormones promote growth spurts and plate closure.

  • What is bone remodeling and what controls it?

    Continuous process of bone deposit and resorption controlled by hormones and mechanical stress.

  • How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate blood calcium?

    Released when blood Ca2+ is low; stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium.

  • What role does calcitonin play in calcium homeostasis?

    Released when blood Ca2+ is high; stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone, lowering blood calcium.

  • Explain Wolff's law in bone physiology.

    Bones adapt to mechanical stress by becoming thicker and stronger where stressed; trabeculae align along stress lines.

  • Classify bone fractures by position of bone ends.

    Nondisplaced (ends aligned) and displaced (ends out of alignment).

  • Classify bone fractures by completeness.

    Complete (broken through) and incomplete (partial break).

  • Classify bone fractures by orientation to long axis.

    Linear (parallel), transverse (perpendicular), and oblique (angled).

  • Classify bone fractures by skin penetration.

    Compound (open, bone penetrates skin) and simple (closed, no skin penetration).

  • What are the four stages of bone fracture healing?

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • What is osteoporosis and its risk factors?

    Loss of bone mass where resorption outpaces deposit; risk factors include low estrogen, calcium/vitamin D deficiency, immobility, and aging.