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Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What tissues make up bone as an organ?
    Bone is made up of several tissues including bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, adipose, and nervous tissue working together.
  • What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
    Support, protection of organs, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.
  • Name the main parts of a long bone.
    Diaphysis (shaft), 2 epiphyses (ends), 2 metaphyses (between diaphysis and epiphysis), articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and endosteum.
  • What is the composition of the bone extracellular matrix?
    About 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts mainly hydroxyapatite.
  • What mineral salts form hydroxyapatite in bone?
    Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide combine to form hydroxyapatite crystals.
  • List the four types of bone cells and their functions.
    Osteoprogenitor cells: stem cells; Osteoblasts: build bone and secrete matrix; Osteocytes: mature bone cells; Osteoclasts: resorb bone and release calcium.
  • What are the differences between compact and spongy bone?
    Compact bone is dense and strong for protection and support; spongy bone is lightweight, provides tissue support, and contains trabeculae.
  • How do periosteal arteries enter the bone?
    Periosteal arteries enter the diaphysis through Volkmann’s canals accompanied by nerves and veins.
  • What is ossification (osteogenesis)?
    The process of bone formation occurring during embryonic development, growth, remodeling, and fracture repair.
  • Name the two types of ossification.
    Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
  • Where does intramembranous ossification occur?
    In flat bones, where connective tissue membranes are replaced by bone.
  • What happens during endochondral ossification?
    Cartilage is replaced by bone, occurring in the embryo and at epiphyseal plates for bone lengthening.
  • How do bones grow in thickness?
    Osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within.
  • Which minerals are essential for bone growth and remodeling?
    Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, and manganese.
  • Which vitamins affect bone growth?
    Vitamins A, C, D, K, and B12 are important for bone health.
  • What hormones influence bone growth?
    IGFs (stimulated by GH), thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), estrogen, and testosterone.
  • What are the phases of fracture healing?
    1. Reactive (inflammatory) phase, 2. Reparative phase (fibrocartilaginous then bony callus), 3. Bone remodeling phase.
  • How does bone participate in calcium homeostasis?
    Bones store 99% of body calcium; PTH stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium and increases intestinal absorption via calcitriol.
  • What changes occur in bone tissue with aging?
    Bone mass decreases as resorption outpaces formation, especially in post-menopausal women.
  • What is osteoporosis?
    A disorder where bone resorption exceeds formation, leading to fragile bones; affects mostly women.
  • What causes rickets and osteomalacia?
    Inadequate calcification of bone matrix; rickets affects children causing deformities, osteomalacia affects adults causing bone pain and fractures.