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Cell Cycle and Cancer - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What is mitosis and its primary function?
    Mitosis is somatic cell division used for tissue growth and repair, producing diploid daughter cells.
  • Where does meiosis occur and what does it produce?
    Meiosis occurs in gonads and produces haploid daughter cells for reproduction.
  • List the four main steps of mitosis.
    The steps are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
  • What happens during prophase?
    Chromosomes become visible, chromatids attach at centromeres, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibers extend, and the nuclear membrane and nucleolus vanish.
  • Describe the metaphase stage of mitosis.
    Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
  • What occurs during anaphase?
    Centromeres split, spindle fibers retract, and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
  • What are the key events in telophase?
    Chromosomes revert to chromatin, nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, and cytokinesis usually occurs.
  • What are the main stages of the cell life cycle?
    The stages include Interphase, Cell division, and Differentiation.
  • What is cell differentiation?
    Process where a cell becomes specialized by repressing some DNA and promoting other DNA.
  • How is the cell cycle controlled?
    Three checkpoints (G1, G2, M) regulate progression through the cell cycle.
  • What is the significance of the G1 checkpoint?
    Determines if the cell will divide; some cells enter a resting phase called G0 if they do not pass.
  • What does the G2 checkpoint check for?
    Ensures the cell is ready to enter mitosis.
  • What is the role of the M checkpoint?
    Determines if the cell can exit mitosis and complete division.
  • Define cancer in terms of cell cycle control.
    Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth due to failure in cell cycle regulation.
  • What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
    Benign tumors are encapsulated by normal cells; malignant tumors are not and can invade other tissues.
  • What is metastasis?
    The spread of cancerous cells to different locations in the body.
  • What causes cancer at the genetic level?
    Damaged genes fail to control the cell cycle, involving mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
  • What are proto-oncogenes?
    Genes that stimulate cell division; mutations can convert them into oncogenes causing uncontrolled growth.
  • What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?
    They turn off cell division in healthy cells; mutations lead to uncontrolled cell division.
  • What is the role of the p53 gene?
    A tumor suppressor gene acting at the G1 checkpoint to prevent division of cells with damaged DNA.