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Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Protein Synthesis in Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are the two major periods of the cell cycle?
    Interphase (cell growth and usual activities) and Mitotic phase (cell division).
  • What are the subphases of Interphase?
    G1 (growth and metabolism), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for division).
  • What are the two distinct events of the Mitotic phase?
    Mitosis (division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).
  • What happens during early prophase of mitosis?
    Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; sister chromatids held by centromere; centrosomes synthesize microtubules forming the mitotic spindle.
  • What occurs during late prophase?
    Nuclear envelope breaks down; kinetochore microtubules attach to centromeres; nonkinetochore microtubules push poles apart.
  • Describe the metaphase stage of mitosis.
    Chromosome centromeres align precisely at the cell's equator on the metaphase plate.
  • What key events happen in anaphase?
    Centromeres split; sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by kinetochore motor proteins; nonkinetochore microtubules push poles apart.
  • What occurs during telophase?
    Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin; new nuclear membranes form; nucleoli reappear; spindle disappears.
  • What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
    Division of cytoplasm by actin microfilament ring forming cleavage furrow; begins in late anaphase and continues through mitosis.
  • What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
    DNA holds the master blueprint for proteins, directing amino acid order in polypeptides via genes.
  • What is a gene?
    A DNA segment coding for one polypeptide, composed of coding exons and noncoding introns.
  • What are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?
    Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).
  • What is the function of mRNA?
    Copies DNA code in nucleus (transcription) and carries it to ribosomes in cytoplasm.
  • What is transcription?
    Process where RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from DNA template in three phases: initiation, elongation, termination.
  • How is pre-mRNA processed before translation?
    Introns are removed by spliceosomes, leaving only exons in mature mRNA.
  • What is the role of rRNA?
    Structural component of ribosomes, facilitating translation of mRNA into polypeptides.
  • What is the function of tRNA?
    Carries specific amino acids and uses anticodons to match mRNA codons during translation.
  • What is the genetic code?
    Triplet base sequences (codons) on mRNA that specify amino acids; 64 codons code for 20 amino acids with redundancy.
  • What are the three phases of translation?
    Initiation (ribosome assembly at start codon), elongation (amino acid chain formation), termination (stop codon recognition and release).
  • How does the rough ER participate in protein synthesis?
    Ribosomes dock on rough ER via signal sequences; proteins enter ER for folding, modification, and packaging into vesicles for Golgi.