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Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Protein Synthesis in Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What are the two major periods of the cell cycle?
    Interphase (cell growth and usual activities) and Mitotic phase (cell division).
  • What are the subphases of Interphase?
    G1 (growth and metabolism), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for division).
  • What are the two distinct events of the Mitotic (M) phase?
    Mitosis (division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).
  • What happens during early prophase of mitosis?
    Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; sister chromatids held by centromere; centrosomes synthesize microtubules forming the mitotic spindle.
  • What occurs during late prophase?
    Nuclear envelope breaks down; microtubules attach to kinetochores on centromeres; nonkinetochore microtubules push poles apart.
  • Describe the metaphase stage of mitosis.
    Chromosome centromeres align precisely at the cell's equator on the metaphase plate.
  • What key events happen in anaphase?
    Centromeres split; sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by kinetochore motor proteins; nonkinetochore microtubules push poles apart.
  • What occurs during telophase?
    Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin; new nuclear membranes form; nucleoli reappear; spindle disappears.
  • What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
    Division of cytoplasm by actin microfilament ring forming cleavage furrow; begins in late anaphase and completes after mitosis.
  • What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
    DNA holds the master code for protein synthesis, directing amino acid order in polypeptides via genes.
  • What is a gene and what does its code consist of?
    A gene is a DNA segment coding for one polypeptide; code consists of three-base sequences (triplet code) specifying amino acids.
  • What are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?
    Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).
  • What is the function of mRNA?
    Copies DNA code in nucleus (transcription) and carries it to ribosomes in cytoplasm, maintaining the triplet codon code.
  • What are the three phases of transcription?
    Initiation (RNA polymerase binds promoter), Elongation (RNA polymerase adds nucleotides), Termination (RNA polymerase stops at termination signal).
  • How is pre-mRNA processed before translation?
    Introns are removed by spliceosomes, leaving only exon coding regions in mature mRNA.
  • What is the role of rRNA?
    Structural component of ribosomes; helps translate mRNA message into polypeptides.
  • What is the function of tRNA?
    Carries specific amino acids; anticodon pairs with mRNA codon at ribosome to add amino acids during translation.
  • How many possible codons exist and what do they represent?
    64 codons (4 bases, 3 positions); 61 code for amino acids, 3 are stop codons.
  • What are the three phases of translation?
    Initiation (ribosome assembles at start codon), Elongation (amino acids added to chain), Termination (stop codon ends translation).
  • What role does the rough ER play in protein synthesis?
    Ribosomes dock on rough ER via ER signal sequence; proteins enter ER for folding, modification, and packaging into vesicles for Golgi.