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Cell Life Cycle and Cell Death in Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

    The cell cycle consists of Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the M phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis).

  • What occurs during the G1 phase of Interphase?

    Cell growth and normal metabolic activities occur, preparing the cell for DNA replication.

  • What is the key event in the S phase of Interphase?

    DNA replication occurs, doubling the genetic material in preparation for cell division.

  • What happens during the G2 phase of Interphase?

    The cell continues to grow and produces proteins necessary for mitosis.

  • What are the stages of Mitosis in order?

    Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

  • What occurs during Prophase?

    Chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.

  • What happens in Metaphase?

    Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate, attached to spindle fibers.

  • Describe Anaphase in mitosis.

    Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

  • What occurs during Telophase?

    Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform, and the cell prepares to divide.

  • What is Cytokinesis?

    The division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

  • Define apoptosis.

    Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a controlled process eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells.

  • Define necrosis.

    Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death caused by injury or disease, often triggering inflammation.

  • How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?

    Apoptosis is a regulated, non-inflammatory process; necrosis is uncontrolled and often causes inflammation.

  • Why is apoptosis important in the cell life cycle?

    It removes damaged or unneeded cells to maintain tissue health and development.

  • What role do spindle fibers play in mitosis?

    They attach to chromosomes and help separate sister chromatids during cell division.

  • What is the significance of the cell cycle checkpoints?

    Checkpoints ensure proper cell cycle progression and prevent damaged DNA from being passed on.

  • What happens if a cell fails a checkpoint during the cell cycle?

    The cell may undergo repair, apoptosis, or cell cycle arrest to prevent errors.

  • What is the function of the nuclear envelope during mitosis?

    It breaks down in prophase to allow chromosome separation and reforms in telophase.

  • What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

    Chromatin is loosely packed DNA during interphase; chromosomes are condensed DNA during mitosis.

  • What is the purpose of DNA replication in the S phase?

    To create identical copies of DNA so each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes.