뒤로Cells: The Living Units - Anatomy & Physiology
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The nucleus (DNA-containing control center), cytoplasm (intracellular fluid with organelles), and plasma membrane (flexible outer boundary).
The biochemical activity of cells reflects the operation of their organelles.
Extracellular fluids (interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid), cellular secretions (saliva, mucus), and extracellular matrix.
A moving bilayer of phospholipids and cholesterol with embedded proteins that allow selective permeability and communication.
Phospholipids have polar hydrophilic heads facing water and nonpolar hydrophobic tails facing inward, forming a bilayer that acts as a barrier.
Transport, enzymatic activity, receptors for signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, cell-to-cell joining, and attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
Sugar coating on the cell surface formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids; acts as biological markers for cell recognition and immune system identification.
Tight junctions (impermeable seals), desmosomes (mechanical coupling), and gap junctions (allow communication and ion passage).
Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient; faster with greater concentration difference, smaller molecules, and higher temperature.
Facilitated diffusion requires carrier or channel proteins to move specific solutes down their concentration gradient; it is saturable and specific.
Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration, often via aquaporins.
Isotonic: no net water movement; hypertonic: water leaves cell causing shrinkage; hypotonic: water enters cell causing swelling or lysis.
Transport using ATP to move substances against their gradient; example is the Na+-K+ pump moving 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in per ATP.
Uses energy from ion gradients created by primary active transport to move other substances against their gradient via symporters or antiporters.
Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis (selective uptake via receptors).
Process of ejecting substances from the cell via secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane; used for hormones, neurotransmitters, and wastes.
Concentration gradients and membrane permeability, especially K+ leaking out and Na+ leaking in, maintained by the Na+-K+ pump.
Proteins on cell surfaces that anchor cells to each other and the extracellular matrix, assist cell movement, attract WBCs, and transmit signals.
Cytosol (fluid), inclusions (nutrient stores, pigments), and organelles (membranous and nonmembranous).
Produce most of the cell's ATP through aerobic cellular respiration; have a double membrane with cristae and their own DNA.
Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids, detoxifies chemicals, and stores calcium.
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids from the rough ER for secretion, membrane insertion, or lysosome formation.
Membranous sacs with digestive enzymes that break down bacteria, viruses, worn organelles, and release calcium from bone.
Contain oxidase and catalase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and free radicals by converting them to hydrogen peroxide and then water.
Microfilaments (cell shape and motility), intermediate filaments (mechanical support), microtubules (organelle movement and cell shape).
Cilia move substances across the cell surface; flagella propel the entire cell (e.g., sperm cell).
Control center of the cell containing DNA; surrounded by nuclear envelope with pores; contains nucleoli for ribosome synthesis.
Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases for growth and DNA replication) and mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis for cell division).
Transcription (DNA to mRNA in nucleus) and translation (mRNA to polypeptide at ribosomes in cytoplasm).
Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells via caspase activation and phagocytosis.