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Ch.12 Part 3

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (23)

  • What is the limbic system and where is it located?
    The limbic system is a network of neurons involved in emotions and memory, located on the medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon, encircling the brain stem.
  • What role does the amygdaloid body play in the limbic system?
    The amygdaloid body recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear responses.
  • How does the limbic system relate to odors and emotions?
    The limbic system links emotional responses to odors, with most output relayed via the hypothalamus, which also plays a role in psychosomatic illnesses.
  • What is the function of the reticular formation in the brain stem?
    The reticular formation governs brain arousal, filters sensory stimuli, controls motor functions, and regulates autonomic visceral functions like heart rate and respiration.
  • What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?
    The RAS sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert, filtering out repetitive or weak stimuli and is inhibited by sleep, alcohol, and drugs.
  • What are the main brain areas involved in language processing?
    Broca's area controls speech production, while Wernicke's area is involved in understanding spoken and written language; lesions cause distinct speech deficits.
  • Define declarative memory and its types.
    Declarative memory is memory of facts like names and dates, including short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
  • What factors affect the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory?
    Emotional state, rehearsal (repetition), association with old memories, and automatic subconscious storage affect memory consolidation.
  • What is anterograde amnesia?
    Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after damage to the hippocampus or temporal lobes, while old memories remain intact.
  • What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?
    An EEG records electrical activity of the brain, used to diagnose epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain death by measuring brain wave patterns.
  • Name and describe the four classes of brain waves.
    Alpha waves: relaxed, rhythmic; Beta waves: alert, irregular; Theta waves: common in children; Delta waves: deep sleep or brain damage in adults.
  • What are the two major types of sleep defined by EEG patterns?
    Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which has four stages, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming and temporary muscle paralysis.
  • How is sleep regulated in the brain?
    Sleep cycles are regulated by the reticular activating system, hypothalamic nuclei, and orexins, following a natural circadian rhythm alternating between REM and NREM.
  • What is the importance of slow-wave sleep (NREM stages 3 and 4)?
    Slow-wave sleep is restorative, helping brain recovery; REM sleep aids emotional processing and synapse elimination.
  • What is narcolepsy and its possible cause?
    Narcolepsy is a disorder causing sudden sleep attacks, possibly due to immune destruction of hypothalamic orexins, which regulate wakefulness.
  • What functions define consciousness?
    Consciousness involves perception, voluntary movement control, and higher mental processing like memory and judgment, graded from alertness to coma.
  • What is the difference between fainting (syncope) and coma?
    Fainting is brief loss of consciousness due to inadequate cerebral blood flow; coma is prolonged unconsciousness with lowered oxygen consumption.
  • What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its functions?
    CSF cushions the brain, reduces its weight by buoyancy, protects from trauma, nourishes brain tissue, and carries chemical signals.
  • Where and how is cerebrospinal fluid produced?
    CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in brain ventricles, filtered from blood plasma by ependymal cells that regulate its composition and movement.
  • What is the blood-brain barrier and its role?
    The blood-brain barrier protects the brain by allowing only certain substances to pass through endothelial cells with tight junctions, supported by astrocytes.
  • What are common types of traumatic brain injuries?
    Concussion (temporary function alteration), contusion (permanent damage), hemorrhages causing pressure, and cerebral edema (brain swelling).
  • What causes a cerebrovascular accident (stroke)?
    Stroke is caused by ischemia due to blocked cerebral arteries, leading to brain tissue death and symptoms like paralysis or speech deficits.
  • What is Alzheimer's disease and its brain effects?
    Alzheimer's is a progressive degenerative brain disease causing dementia, characterized by beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain shrinkage.