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Chapter 4 Outline FlashCards

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이 집합의 용어 (36)

  • Define Histology

    Histology is the study of tissues, which are groups of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that perform common functions.

  • Four primary tissue types

    1) Epithelial tissues: tightly packed sheets covering body surfaces and forming glands.
    2) Connective tissues: bind, support, protect, and transport substances.
    3) Muscle tissues: generate force by contracting.
    4) Nervous tissues: generate, send, and receive messages.

  • Main components of extracellular matrix (ECM)

    1) Ground substance: fluid or gel with water, nutrients, ions, and macromolecules.
    2) Protein fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers embedded in ground substance.

  • Functions of ECM

    Provides strength to resist tensile and compressive forces, directs cell positioning, holds cells in place, and regulates cell development, mitosis, and survival.

  • Three types of protein fibers in ECM

    Collagen fibers: strong, resist tension.
    Elastic fibers: stretch and recoil.
    Reticular fibers: form supportive meshworks.

  • Functions of tight junctions

    Seal neighboring cells tightly to prevent passage of substances between them, maintaining distinct environments on each side.

  • Functions of desmosomes

    Provide strong adhesion between cells, resisting mechanical stress by linking cytoskeletons.

  • Functions of gap junctions

    Allow direct communication between adjacent cells through channels for ions and small molecules.

  • Epithelial tissue characteristics

    Protection, immune defenses, secretion,, transport to other tissue, sensation.

    Tightly packed cells with little ECM, avascular, attached to underlying connective tissue by basement membrane composed of basal and reticular laminae.

  • Criteria for classifying epithelial tissue

    Number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

  • Simple squamous epithelium function and locations

    Thin layer for rapid diffusion; found in alveoli of lungs, lining of blood vessels, and serous membranes.

  • Function of microvilli in simple columnar epithelium

    Increase surface area to enhance absorption, especially in the small intestine.

  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium function

    Protects underlying tissues from abrasion and water loss; outer layers are dead and filled with keratin.

  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium locations

    Found in moist areas subject to mechanical stress such as oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anus.

  • Transitional epithelium location and function

    Lines urinary system organs; allows stretching by flattening apical cells when tissue is distended.

  • Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
    Exocrine glands release products onto body surfaces or into hollow organs via ducts.

  • Merocrine vs holocrine secretion

    Merocrine secretion: products released by exocytosis.
    Holocrine secretion: entire cell disintegrates to release product.

  • Functions of connective tissue

    Connecting and binding tissues, supporting body weight, protecting organs, and transporting substances (blood).

  • Fibroblasts function

    Resident cells that produce protein fibers and ground substance of the ECM.

  • Adipocytes function

    Store triglycerides (fat) in cytoplasm as energy reserves and provide insulation and cushioning.

  • Characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue

    Disorganized collagen fibers resist tension in multiple directions; found in dermis and organ capsules.

  • Characteristics of dense regular connective tissue

    Parallel collagen fibers resist tension in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments.

  • Cartilage cell types

    Chondroblasts: immature cells that produce ECM.
    Chondrocytes: mature cells residing in lacunae.

  • Hyaline cartilage locations

    Found in nose, trachea, larynx, and at ends of long bones.

  • Functions of bone tissue

    Supports body, protects organs, provides muscle attachment, stores calcium, and houses marrow for blood cell production.

  • Types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal muscle: striated, voluntary, multinucleated.
    Cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary, branched, single nucleus.
    Smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped cells.

  • Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

    Specialized junctions containing gap junctions and desmosomes that allow coordinated contraction.

  • Main cell types in nervous tissue

    Neurons: excitable cells that transmit signals.
    Neuroglial cells: support and protect neurons, capable of mitosis.

  • Functions of neuroglial cells

    Provide structural support, supply nutrients, remove waste, and protect neurons.

  • epithelial tissue components

    tightly packed sheets of cells with no visible ECM some specialized types of this tissue form glands that manufacture secretions. (sweat, saliva, hormones).

  • connective tissues

    connect all the other tissues. ECM is a prominent feature for most connective tissues with cells scattered throughout. They bind, support, protect, and allow for transportation of substances.

  • muscle tissues

    capable of generating force by contracting, have little ECM between cells.

  • nervous tissues

    consists of cells capable of generating, sending, and receiving messages, and cells that support this activity all within a unique ECM

  • The “free edge” of an epithelial cell or tissue is the

    apical surface

  • the edge attached to deeper cells or the basal lamina is the

    basal surface

  • function of cilia

    Movement of something across the cell's surface