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Chemical Basis of Life - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

  • Define atom and element.

    An atom is the smallest particle of an element with its chemical properties. An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

  • What are the four most common elements in the human body?

    Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O).

  • What subatomic particles compose an atom?

    Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (no charge), and Electrons (negative charge).

  • What is the atomic number of an element?

    The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

  • What is the mass number of an atom?

    The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

  • What are isotopes?

    Isotopes are forms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  • Describe the orbital model of an atom.

    The orbital model represents electrons as a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus.

  • What is an ionic bond?

    An ionic bond forms when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

  • Define cations and anions.

    Cations are positively charged ions (lost electrons), and anions are negatively charged ions (gained electrons).

  • What is a covalent bond?

    A covalent bond forms when two or more atoms share electron pairs.

  • Differentiate between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds.

    Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally; polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges (δ+ and δ−).

  • What is a hydrogen bond?

    A hydrogen bond occurs when a positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a negatively charged O, N, or F atom in another molecule.

  • What is the octet rule?

    Atoms tend to form bonds until their valence shell has eight electrons, making them stable and inert.

  • How do sodium and chlorine form an ionic bond?

    Sodium (Na) donates one electron to chlorine (Cl), forming Na+ and Cl− ions that attract to form NaCl.

  • What is the difference between the orbital and planetary models of the atom?

    The orbital model shows electrons as a cloud of negative charge; the planetary model shows electrons as small spheres orbiting the nucleus.

  • What role do hydrogen bonds play in water molecules?

    Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to align with slight positive and negative charges, contributing to water's unique properties.

  • What happens in a polar covalent bond in water?

    Electrons are shared unequally between hydrogen and oxygen, creating partial positive (δ+) and negative (δ−) charges.

  • What is the significance of intramolecular hydrogen bonds?

    They help determine the shape of complex molecules, affecting their function.

  • How do ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds differ in electron sharing?

    Ionic bonds transfer electrons; polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally; nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally.