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Chemical Reactions and Properties of Water in Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are the three main types of chemical reactions?
    Synthesis (combination), decomposition, and exchange (displacement) reactions.
  • What occurs during a synthesis reaction?
    Atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule; used in anabolic (building) processes.
  • What happens in a decomposition reaction?
    A molecule breaks down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms; involves catabolic (bond-breaking) reactions.
  • Describe an exchange reaction.
    Bonds are both made and broken; involves both synthesis and decomposition processes.
  • What are redox reactions in living systems?
    Reduction-oxidation reactions where atoms gain electrons (reduced) or lose electrons (oxidized), e.g., cellular respiration.
  • Define exergonic and endergonic reactions.
    Exergonic reactions release energy; products have less potential energy than reactants. Endergonic reactions absorb energy; products have more potential energy.
  • What factors affect the rate of chemical reactions?
    Temperature, concentration of reactants, particle size, and presence of catalysts (enzymes).
  • What is biochemistry?
    The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter, including organic and inorganic compounds.
  • What distinguishes inorganic from organic compounds?
    Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon (e.g., water, salts), while organic compounds contain carbon and are usually large and covalently bonded.
  • List special properties of water as an inorganic compound.
    High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning.
  • What is the significance of water's high heat capacity?
    Water can absorb and release large amounts of heat, preventing sudden temperature changes.
  • Explain water's high heat of vaporization.
    Evaporation requires large amounts of heat, making it an effective cooling mechanism.
  • What are polar solvent properties of water?
    Water dissolves and dissociates ionic substances and forms hydration layers around large charged molecules like proteins.
  • How does water participate in chemical reactions?
    Water is necessary for hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions.
  • What role does water play in cushioning?
    Water cushions organs from physical trauma, e.g., cerebrospinal fluid protects nervous system organs.
  • What are the four emergent properties of water that support life?
    Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.
  • What causes cohesion in water molecules?
    Hydrogen bonding causes water molecules to stay close to each other.
  • How does cohesion aid plants?
    Cohesion helps transport water and nutrients against gravity through plant vessels.
  • What is adhesion in relation to water?
    The clinging of water molecules to other substances, such as cell walls, helping counter gravity.
  • Define surface tension in water.
    Surface tension measures how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid; it is related to cohesion.